Journal articles: 'Barnard, F. M. (Frederick M.)' – Grafiati (2024)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Background:Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic granulomatous disorder of unknown origin. The central role of macrophages and granuloma formation, the predominant involvement of lung and skin, and certain risk populations (e.g. firefighters1, 2) might be explained by causative airborne antigen(s)3. Whether air pollution is involved in pathogenesis and seasonal clustering of sarcoidosis is uncertain.Objectives:This study has been set to analyze seasonal clustering of acute sarcoidosis and associations to air pollution.Methods:Patients with acute sarcoidosis, defined by bihilar lymphadenopathy, ankle swelling, and/or erythema nodosum plus physician’s diagnosis,were included in this retrospective study. Disease onset (seasonal clustering) and associations to air pollution (particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dixoide (NO2)) were analyzed. Google Trends queries were conducted to address seasonal clustering on a global scale.Results:A total of 185 patients with acute sarcoidosis were included; 48.7 % of the enrolled patients were female and Löfgren triad was complete in 73.5 % of patients. Acute sarcoidosis clustered from December to June in West Germany (p<0.005, Kendall τ=-0.68), peaking in January (17.8 % of cases) and in the first third of the year (54.5 %). Mean PM10values clustered from December to April with values between 15 and 40 µg/m3. NO2levels were measured highest from November to March (45 µg/m3) and lowest between April and August (25 µg/m3). Elevated air pollution markers (PM10and NO2) were associated with higher monthly incidence rates of acute sarcoidosis (Cross correlation coefficient ranging between 0.7 -0.8). Google Trends analysis yielded seasonal clustering (p<0.005, Kendall τ = -0.64) in winter and spring months on the northern hemisphere.Conclusion:In Central Europe acute sarcoidosis peaks in winter and spring months (December until March) shortly after PM10and NO2maxima are reached. Whether components of particulate matter might be involved in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis has to be elucidated by further studies.References:[1] Prezant DJ, Dhala A, Goldstein A, Janus D, Ortiz F, Aldrich TK, et al. The incidence, prevalence, and severity of sarcoidosis in New York City firefighters. Chest. 1999;[2] Webber MP, Yip J, Zeig-Owens R, Moir W, Ungprasert P, Crowson CS, et al. Post-9/11 sarcoidosis in WTC-exposed firefighters and emergency medical service workers. Respir Med [Internet]. 2017;132:232–7.[3] Newman LS, Rose CS, Bresnitz EA, Rossman MD, Barnard J, Frederick M, et al. A case control etiologic study of sarcoidosis: Environmental and occupational risk factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(12):1324–30.Disclosure of Interests:Philipp Rustler: None declared, Dirk Schindler: None declared, Reinhard Voll: None declared, Florian Kollert Employee of: Novartis

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

This study examines the approach used by Frederick M. Denny who is an outsider researcher about the religious behavior of Muslim communities. The method used is the library method. Meanwhile, the primary source used as a data source is the writing of F. M. Denny's in Richard C. Martin's anthology book. This study found that the approach used by Frederick. M. Denny in understanding the religious behavior of Muslim societies is a sociological approach by distinguishing rituals in Islam into two, namely official and popular rituals. Through this approach, Denny concluded that outside of official worship, in Islam there were also additional rituals performed by Muslim communities. The difference is that these additional rituals are local and vary by region

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Major contributions to machining and grinding research in the US came in the twentieth century. The seminal work by Frederick Winslow Taylor on the Art of Cutting Metals published in 1907 was the beginning of a series of serious and systematic studies on the various aspects of metal cutting and grinding in this century. This monumental work, which became an American classic, continues to inspire many a researcher in this field even today. It was followed by the works of other pioneers, including Orlan W Boston, Hans Ernst, M E Martellotti, Max Kronenberg, M Eugene Merchant, Milton C Shaw, Michael Field, John Kahles, K J Roubik, K Armitage, Ken Trigger, B T Chao, Alfred Schmidt, William W Gilbert, Fran Boulger, Lester Colwell, Carl Oxford, Erich Thomsen, Robert Hahn, and many others. Many of the associates of the pioneers including Nathan Cook, Iain Finnie, B F von Turkovich, Shiro Kobayaski, Inyong Ham, E Loewen, and others including W B Rice, S M Wu, and J Tlusty have made significant contributions to these fields in their own right. There is no doubt that this century will be heralded by the historians as the golden age of metal cutting and grinding research, particularly the period between 1940 and 1960. It was, however, M Eugene Merchant’s paper on the Basic Mechanics of the Metal Cutting Process in 1945 that took a giant step from the art of metal cutting to the science of metal cutting. This work laid the foundation for much of the work that is practiced today. It can be stated unequivocally that because of the significant contributions by the pioneers and their associates, metal cutting and grinding research today is rich in its heritage and contents, and has contributed towards the improvement of manufacturing productivity. It has thereby facilitated the improvement of living standards around the world. In this review, the following ten topics are addressed briefly: Physics of Machining; Mechanics of Machining; Shear and Friction in Machining; Thermal Aspects of Machining and Grinding; Tool Materials, Tool Wear, and Machinability; Multiple Cutting Points; Grinding; Vibrations in Machining; Surface Integrity; and Economics of Machining.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Frederick H. Smith; Caribbean Rum: A Social and Economic History (Franklin W. Knight)Stephan Palmié; Wizards and Scientists: Explorations in Afro-Cuban Modernity and Tradition (Julie Skurski)Miguel A. De la Torre; The Quest for the Cuban Christ: A Historical Search (Fernando Picó)L. Antonio Curet, Shannon Lee Dawdy & Gabino La Rosa Corzo (eds.); Dialogues in Cuban Archaeology (David M. Pendergast)Jill Lane; Blackface Cuba, 1840-1895 (Arthur Knight)Hal Klepak; Cuba’s Military 1990-2005: Revolutionary Soldiers during Counter-Revolutionary Times (Antoni Kapcia)Lydia Chávez (ed.); Capitalism, God, and a Good Cigar: Cuba Enters the Twenty-First Century (Ann Marie Stock)Diane Accaria-Zavala & Rodolfo Popelnik (eds.); Prospero’s Isles: The Presence of the Caribbean in the American Imaginary (Sean X. Goudie)Alexandra Isfahani-Hammond (ed.); The Masters and the Slaves: Plantation Relations and Mestizaje in American Imaginaries (Danielle D. Smith) David J. Weber; Bárbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment (Neil L. Whitehead)Larry Gragg; Englishmen Transplanted: The English Colonization of Barbados, 1627-1660 (Richard S. Dunn)Jon F. Sensbach; Rebecca’s Revival: Creating Black Christianity in the Atlantic World (Aaron Spencer Fogleman)Jennifer L. Morgan; Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery (Verene A. Shepherd)Jorge Luis Chinea; Race and Labor in the Hispanic Caribbean: The West Indian Immigrant Worker Experience in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico, 1800-1850 (Juan José Baldrich)Constance R. Sutton (ed.); Revisiting Caribbean Labour: Essays in Honour of O. Nigel Bolland (Mary Chamberlain)Gert Oostindie; Paradise Overseas: The Dutch Caribbean: Colonialism and its Transatlantic Legacies (Bridget Brereton)Allan Pred; The Past Is Not Dead: Facts, Fictions, and Enduring Racial Stereotypes (Karen Fog Olwig)James C. Riley; Poverty and Life Expectancy: The Jamaica Paradox (Cruz María Nazario)Lucia M. Suárez; The Tears of Hispaniola: Haitian and Dominican Diaspora Memory (J. Michael Dash)Mary Chamberlain; Family Love in the Diaspora: Migration and the Anglo-Caribbean Experience (Kevin Birth)Joseph Palacio (ed.); The Garifuna: A Nation Across Borders (Grant Jewell Rich)Elizabeth M. DeLoughery, Renée K. Goss on & George B. Handley (eds.); Caribbean Literature and the Environment: Between Nature and Culture (Bonham C. Richardson)Mary Gallagher (ed.); Ici-Là: Place and Displacement in Caribbean Writing in French (Christina Kullberg)David V. Moskowitz; Caribbean Popular Music: An Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall (Kenneth Bilby)John H. McWhorter; Defining Creole (Bettina M. Migge)Ellen M. Schnepel; In Search of a National Identity: Creole and Politics in Guadeloupe (Paul B. Garrett)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Frederick H. Smith; Caribbean Rum: A Social and Economic History (Franklin W. Knight)Stephan Palmié; Wizards and Scientists: Explorations in Afro-Cuban Modernity and Tradition (Julie Skurski)Miguel A. De la Torre; The Quest for the Cuban Christ: A Historical Search (Fernando Picó)L. Antonio Curet, Shannon Lee Dawdy & Gabino La Rosa Corzo (eds.); Dialogues in Cuban Archaeology (David M. Pendergast)Jill Lane; Blackface Cuba, 1840-1895 (Arthur Knight)Hal Klepak; Cuba’s Military 1990-2005: Revolutionary Soldiers during Counter-Revolutionary Times (Antoni Kapcia)Lydia Chávez (ed.); Capitalism, God, and a Good Cigar: Cuba Enters the Twenty-First Century (Ann Marie Stock)Diane Accaria-Zavala & Rodolfo Popelnik (eds.); Prospero’s Isles: The Presence of the Caribbean in the American Imaginary (Sean X. Goudie)Alexandra Isfahani-Hammond (ed.); The Masters and the Slaves: Plantation Relations and Mestizaje in American Imaginaries (Danielle D. Smith) David J. Weber; Bárbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment (Neil L. Whitehead)Larry Gragg; Englishmen Transplanted: The English Colonization of Barbados, 1627-1660 (Richard S. Dunn)Jon F. Sensbach; Rebecca’s Revival: Creating Black Christianity in the Atlantic World (Aaron Spencer Fogleman)Jennifer L. Morgan; Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery (Verene A. Shepherd)Jorge Luis Chinea; Race and Labor in the Hispanic Caribbean: The West Indian Immigrant Worker Experience in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico, 1800-1850 (Juan José Baldrich)Constance R. Sutton (ed.); Revisiting Caribbean Labour: Essays in Honour of O. Nigel Bolland (Mary Chamberlain)Gert Oostindie; Paradise Overseas: The Dutch Caribbean: Colonialism and its Transatlantic Legacies (Bridget Brereton)Allan Pred; The Past Is Not Dead: Facts, Fictions, and Enduring Racial Stereotypes (Karen Fog Olwig)James C. Riley; Poverty and Life Expectancy: The Jamaica Paradox (Cruz María Nazario)Lucia M. Suárez; The Tears of Hispaniola: Haitian and Dominican Diaspora Memory (J. Michael Dash)Mary Chamberlain; Family Love in the Diaspora: Migration and the Anglo-Caribbean Experience (Kevin Birth)Joseph Palacio (ed.); The Garifuna: A Nation Across Borders (Grant Jewell Rich)Elizabeth M. DeLoughery, Renée K. Goss on & George B. Handley (eds.); Caribbean Literature and the Environment: Between Nature and Culture (Bonham C. Richardson)Mary Gallagher (ed.); Ici-Là: Place and Displacement in Caribbean Writing in French (Christina Kullberg)David V. Moskowitz; Caribbean Popular Music: An Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall (Kenneth Bilby)John H. McWhorter; Defining Creole (Bettina M. Migge)Ellen M. Schnepel; In Search of a National Identity: Creole and Politics in Guadeloupe (Paul B. Garrett)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The main idea of the article is the research of Frederick Kiesler impact on formation of contemporary plastic arts instead of ideas of “clear architecture” which were common at that time. Kiesler hadn’t been satisfied with the modern functional architecture of his time – the white painted box. In his extreme architectural vision, Kiesler hoped to perform this same ultimate cleansing – to regenerate and liberate humanity to start all over, free again. His main idea in arts was the cooperation between parts of different arts, Kiesler used his own term “correalizm” to show the continuing collaboration between human and surrounding both technical and nature. Reconsideration of traditional ways by Frederick Kiesler gave a new life to formulation of new spatial art. Twentieth-century art are filled with contradictions and still is not researched enough. But those art was a crucial point for birth the new genres, which impressed by diversity and paradoxes. This new genres of arts first of all were based on synthesis of their forms. That period was also formed a new generation of artists, who affected on development of all sphere of arts by their works, and Kiesler was among them. Despite the word famous, the genius of Frederick Kiesler and his creation isn’t researched enough in foreign and domestic publishing. Among published works about Kiesler in Ukraine belong to Kyiv and Lviv architecture schools: Proskuriakov V., Proskuriakov O., Bilenkova S., Korotun I., Nykyrsa M. and others. Also the last interesting research works were demonstrated during the International architecture online conference “The influence of futuristic ideas of F. Kiesler on the development of architectural practice and theory in Ukraine and the world”. The initiators of this conference were Chernivtsy National University and National University “Lviv polytechnic”. The aim of this article is demonstrate some of Kiesler’s periods of life and creation, which are characterized by innovation approaches and synthesis of arts, correalizm and influenced on creation of contemporary spatial art. Kiesler also fell short in his own ambitions to educate students to think about the work they were producing. His work marks a prescient moment in the history of modern design. His laboratory research engaged scientific study of dynamic bodily habits and sensorial affects to support shifting biopolitical structures aimed at advancing capitalist markets and evolving control societies. Although Kiesler’s body of work would later suggest alternative and more-resistive liberatory applications, his efforts to produce responsive systems designed to modulate to the qualities and intensities of dynamic bodies-in-motion most often seemed to facilitate and promote a society of unconsciously motivated actions. In a contemporary context where architecture research laboratories are continuing to emerge internationally - with ever-greater claims toward innovative study of continuous forms, responsive systems, and sensational affects - Kiesler’s challenges and failures as an educator are even more poignant today. Regardless of one’s own values or institutional biases, to teach students to unwittingly speculate, experiment, and produce is simply not enough. As educators, we are also responsible for teaching students to think about what they are learning to do.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

-Sidney W. Mintz, Mats Lundahl, The Haitian economy: man, land and markets. New York: St. Martins Press, 1983. 290 pp.-Regine Altagrace Latortue, Léon-Francois Hoffmann, Essays on Haitian Literature. Washington D.C.: Three Continents Press, 1984. 184 pp.-Robert Forster, Lieutenant Howard, The Haitian journal of lieutenant Howard, York Hussars, 1796-1798. Edited with an introduction by Roger Norman Buckley. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985. liv + 194.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo, año 1930. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicano, 1986. 2 vols. xi + 1120 pp.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo, año 1947. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1984. 2 vols. xi + 1018 pp.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Nazismo, fascismo y falangismo en la Republica Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1985. 415 pp.-Tony Thorndike, Bruce J. Calder, The impact of intervention: The Dominican Republic during the US occupation of 1916-1924. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984. 358 pp.-Marcella M. Little, Jacques Barbier ,The North American role in the Spanish imperial economy 1760-1819. Manchester, England, 1984: Manchester University Press. pp. 232., Allan J. Kuethe (eds)-Janette Forte, Peter Riviere, Individual and society in Guiana: a comparative study of Amerindian social organisation. Cambridge, London, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. 127 pp.-Stephen D. Glazier, Jay D. Dobbin, The Jombee dance of Montserrat: a study of trance ritual in the West Indies. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1986. 202 pp.-Robert J. Stewart, Stephen D. Glazier, Marchin' the Pilgrims home: leadership and decision-making in an Afro-Caribbean faith. Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1983. xv + 165 pp.-Sidney M. Greenfield, Karen Fog Olwig, Cultural adaptation and resistance on St. John: three centuries of Afro-Caribbean life. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1985. xii + 226 pp.-Adam Kendon, William Washabaugh, Five fingers for survival. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, Inc., 1986. xiv + 198 pp.-Evelyne T. Menard, Carnot (F. Moloen), Alors ma chére...Propos d'un musicien guadeloupéen recueillis et traduits par Marie-Céline Lafontaine. Paris: Editions Caribéennes, 1986. 159 pp.-Sally Price, Suzanne Slesin ,Caribbean style. Authors include Daniel Rozensztroch. Photographs by Gilles de Chabaneix. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1985. 290 pp., Stafford Cliff, Jack Berthelot (eds)-Allison Blakely, Gert Oostindie ,In het land van de overheerser. Deel II. Antillianen en Surinamers in Nederland, 1634/1667-1954. Dordrecht (Holland) and Providence RI (U.S.A.): Foris Publications, 1986. xi + 255 pp., Emy Maduro (eds)-Rosemarijn Hoefte, E. van de Boogaart ,Overzee: Nederlandse koloniale geschiedenis, 1590-1975. Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoek, 1982. 291 pp., P.J. Drooglever et al (eds)-Frederick J. Conway, P.I. Gomes, Rural development in the Caribbean. London: C. Hurst and Company. New York: St. Martins Press, 1985. xxi + 246 pp.-Steve M. Slaby, Charles Edquist, Capitalism, socialism and technology: a comparative study of Cuba and Jamaica. London: Zed Books Ltd., 1985. xiii + 182 pp.-Joan D. Mandle, June Nash ,Women and social change in Latin America. South Hadley, Mass.: Bergin and Garvey Publishers, 1986. 372 pp., Helen Safa (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, Michael L. Conniff, Black labor on a white canal: Panama, 1904-1981. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985. xv + 221 pp.-Brackette F. Williams, Stephen Glazier, Caribbean ethnicity revisited. A special edition of Ethnic Groups, International periodical of ethnic studies. New York, London, Paris, Montreaux, Tokyo: Gordon Breach Science Publishers, 1985. 164 pp.-Gert J. Oostindie, Frauke Gewecke, Die Karibik; zur Geschichte, Politik und Kultur einer Region. Frankfurt/M: Verlag Klaus Dieter Vervuert 1984. 165 pp.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Distintos autores aseguran que el desarrollo profesional de la enfermería debe tener un enfoque vinculante que relacione la gestión, la administración y las competencias profesionales. La enfermería es hoy una profesión de primer orden en el sistema de salud universal, reconocida como protagonista principal en el cuidado y atención del paciente, lo que obliga a estos profesionales conocimientos actualizados que se manifiestan en su desempeño. Por ello, esta investigación examina las teorías sobre competencia, gestión y la administración en el ejercicio de la enfermería, mediante una revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos atendiendo los criterios de inclusión y exclusión elegidos. Una vez realizada la búsqueda se seleccionaron 11 documentos relacionados con el objetivo de la investigación. Sobre la base de una revisión crítica del referencial teórico, se identificó los conocimientos, capacidad, liderazgo, compromiso social y comunicación de la enfermería como eje central en el cuidado integral del paciente y el desarrollo integral del profesional de la enfermería. Palabras Clave: gestión, administración, enfermería, calidad profesional. Referencias [1]A.Orellana y O. Sanhueza, "Competencia en investigación en enfermería," Ciencia y Enfermería, vol. XVII, nº 2, p. 15-23, 2011. [2]Consejo Internacional de enfermeras , "Informe del proceso de elaboración de consultas del Consejo Internacional de enfermeía", Munich, 2003. [3]Sociedad Española de Enfermería , "Competencias de enfermería en urgencias y emergencia", Ginebra, 1998. [4]P.Ramritu y D. Barnard, "Cómo comprenden la competencia los enfermeros recien licenciados", International Nursing Review version española, vol. 48, nº 1, pp. 41-61, 2001. [5]R.Samper, "Gestion del cuidado de enfermería para la atencion cerrada", Rev Cubana Enfermer, vol. 26, nº 1, pp. 1-12, 2010. [6]M.Asenjo, "Gestión diaria en el hospital", Rev. Esp. Salud Pública, vol. 3, nº 73, pp. 417-419, 1999. [7]P.Milos, "La gestion del cuidado en la legislacion Chilena interpretacion y alcance", Cienc. Enfermería, vol. XVI, nº 1, pp. 17-29, 2010. [8]J.Valdebenito, "Gestión de cuidado: valoración y conocimientos de enfermeros/as de un hospital de la region metropolitana de Chile",Cienc. enf., vol. 21, nº 01, pp. 5-25, 2015. [9]S.Estefa y J. Paravic, "Enfermería en el rol de gestora de los cuidados",Cienc. Enferm., vol. 16, nº 3, pp. 3-39, 2010. [10]B. Scalzi y B. Mowinski, "Diffeferentiating nursing leadersip and management competensies", Nurs outlook, vol. 55, nº 1, pp. 169-175, 2007. [11]H.Koontz y H. Weihrieh, "Introducción a la administración" de Administración una perspectiva global, Mexico, Interamericana Editores, 2016, pp. 15-36. [12]L.Daderian y C. Arndt, "Breve historia de la teoria de la administración y su aplicación en la enfermería" de Administración de enfermería teoria para la práctica con un enfoque de sistema, California, Copyrignt, 2017, pp. 3-4. [13]N.Hernandez, "Administración de servicios sanitarios",2014. [En línea]. Available: ciniorte. [Último acceso: 23 07 2020]. [14]Z.Vargas, A. Espinosa, M. Lamadrid y M. Saavedra, "El desempeño de los profesionales de Enfermería", Rev.Cubana de Enfermería, vol. 3, nº 1, Recuperado de: http://www.revenfermeria.sld.cu/index.php/enf/article/view/823/155, 2016. [15]M.Loreto y L. Soler, Gestion y administración de servicios de enfermería, España, 2019. [16]C. Gonzalez, N. Barahona, M. Estrada, A. Favela y F. Cuen, "Evaluación de competencias del profesional de enfermería que labora en hospitales públicos y privado", Rev. Elec. Enfermería Actual en Costa Rica , vol. 27, pp. 9-15, 2016. [17]C. Fernandez, C. López y M. Sánchez, "La gestión del cuidado en la atencion primaria en salud Chile",Rev. iberoam.Educ. investi. Enferm, vol. 8, nº 2, pp. 18-29, 2018. [18]J.A.Riera, Gestion de cuidados enfermeros, Catalunya: Universidad Oberta de Catlunya, 2014. [19]F.Aguayo y R. Moraga, "Significado práctico del concepto gestión del cuidado en las enfermeras/os que se desempeñan en atención primaria en salud,"Cienc.enferm., vol. 21, nº 3, pp. 73-85, 2016. [20]N.Febres y V. Baldilla, "Calidad en enfermería su gestión implementación y medicion", Revista Medica Clinica los Condes, vol. 25,n° 2, pp. 278-287, 2016. [21]J.R. Beltran, "Gestión de enfermeria y el comportamiento de indicadores de calidad de atención de enfermería,» Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes, vol. 29, nº 3, pp. 269-276, 2018. [22]S.Martínez, F. Gómez y M. Lara, "El desempeño de los profesionales de enfermería", Revista cubana de enfermería, vol. 32, nº 1, pp. 98-108, 2016. [23]A.Hernández, "La gestion del cuidado",Revista Enfermería CyL, vol. 7, nº 2, pp. 19-26, 2014. [24]M.Lavalle y M. Villadiego, "La administración de enfermería en el area clinica y sus implicaciones en el cuidado," Revista colombiana de enfermería, vol. 9, nº 64, pp. 14-23, 2016. [25]M.Silveira y M. Galan, "Administración del cuidado concordancia entre prescripción de enfermería y necesidades de cuidados en los pacientes", Rlae, vol. 24:e2723., doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.0645.2723 , 2016.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, edited by Kevin A. Yelvington (reviewed by Aisha Khan)Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585-1660, by Linda M. Heywood & John K. Thornton (reviewed by James H. Sweet)An Eye for the Tropics: Tourism, Photography, and Framing the Caribbean Picturesque, by Krista A. Thompson (reviewed by Carl Thompson)Taíno Indian Myth and Practice: The Arrival of the Stranger King, by William F. Keegan (reviewed by Frederick H. Smith) Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, by David F. Marley (reviewed by Richard L. Kagan) Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age, edited by Christopher Leslie Brown & Philip D. Morgan (reviewed by James Sidbury)Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados, by Russell R. Menard (reviewed by Kenneth Morgan)Jamaica in 1850 or, The Effects of Sixteen Years of Freedom on a Slave Colony, by John Bigelow (reviewed by Jean Besson) Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism, by Christopher Leslie Brown (reviewed by Cassandra Pybus) Caribbean Journeys: An Ethnography of Migration and Home in Three Family Networks, by Karen Fog Olwig (reviewed by George Gmelch) Afro-Caribbean Immigrants and the Politics of Incorporation: Ethnicity, Exception, or Exit, by Reuel R. Rogers (reviewed by Kevin Birth) Puerto Rican Arrival in New York: Narratives of the Migration, 1920-1950, edited by Juan Flores (reviewed by Wilson A. Valentín-Escobar)The Conquest of History: Spanish Colonialism and National Histories in the Nineteenth Century, by Christopher Schmidt-Nowara (reviewed by Aline Helg)Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World, edited by Pamela Scully & Diana Paton (reviewed by Bernard Moitt) Gender and Democracy in Cuba, by Ilja A. Luciak (reviewed by Florence E. Babb) The “New Man” in Cuba: Culture and Identity in the Revolution, by Ana Serra (reviewed by Jorge Duany) Lydia Cabrera and the Construction of an Afro-Cuban Cultural Identity, by Edna M. Rodríguez-Mangual (reviewed by Brian Brazeal) Worldview, the Orichas, and Santeria: Africa to Cuba and Beyond, by Mercedes Cros Sandoval (reviewed by Elizabeth Pérez)The 1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery, by Matt D. Childs (reviewed by Manuel Barcia) Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation, by Harvey R. Neptune (reviewed by Selwyn Ryan) Claims to Memory: Beyond Slavery and Emancipation in the French Caribbean, by Catherine A. Reinhardt (reviewed by Dominique Taffin) The Grand Slave Emporium, Cape Coast Castle and the British Slave Trade, by William St. Clair (reviewed by Ray A. Kea) History of the Caribbean, by Frank Moya Pons (reviewed by Olwyn M. Blouet) Out of the Crowded Vagueness: A History of the Islands of St Kitts, Nevis & Anguilla, by Brian Dyde (reviewed by Karen Fog Olwig) Scoping the Amazon: Image, Icon, Ethnography, by Stephen Nugent (reviewed by Neil L. Whitehead)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Objective: Tubtim-chumphae rice is hybrid Thai rice with a red pericarp. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Tubtim-chumphae rice bran on insulin resistance and intrahepatic fat accumulation in high-fat-high-fructose diet (HFFD) fed rats.Methods: Ethanolic extract of rice bran (ERB) was prepared using a 50% ethanol-water. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed HFFD (40% lard, 20% fructose) for 10 weeks, followed by concomitant administrations of distilled water or ERB at 250 or 500 mg/kg/day or pioglitazone at 10 mg/kg/day for a further 4 weeks in treated groups. Normal control rats were fed normal chow and distilled water. At the end of all treatments, fasting blood glucose (FBG), an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), serum insulin levels, lipid profiles, and liver fat contents were measured. Liver histological and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) gene expression examinations were performed.Results: At week 14, control HFFD rats had significantly (p<0.05) higher FBG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin secretions together with impaired OGTT as compared to normal control rats. These parameters indicated an insulin resistant and dyslipidemic condition in HFFD rats. ERB 250 and 500 mg/kg or pioglitazone 10 mg/kg significantly ameliorated all of these changes. HFFD also caused a significant increase in fat accumulation and a decrease in PPAR-α gene expression in the livers which were significantly decreased by ERB.Conclusions: ERB decreases insulin resistance and intrahepatic fat accumulation possibly through increasing PPAR-α gene expression in HFFD rats. ERB might possibly be a neutraceutical for the metabolic syndrome patients.1. Gauthier MS, Favier R, Lavoie JM. Time course of the development of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis in response to high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Br J Nutr 2006;95:273-81.2. Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: Underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013;3:1-58.3. Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome update. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016;26:364-73.4. Fouret G, Gaillet S, Lecomte J, Bonafos B, Djohan F, Barea B, et al. 20-week follow-up of hepatic steatosis installation and liver mitochondrial structure and activity and their interrelation in rats fed a high-fat-high-fructose diet. Br J Nutr 2018;119:368-80.5. Dekker MJ, Su Q, Baker C, Rutledge AC, Adeli K. Fructose: A highly lipogenic nutrient implicated in insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010;299:E685-94.6. Vichit W, Saewan N. Antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity of thai pigmented rice. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7:329-34.7. Settharaksa S, Madaka F, Charkree K, Charoenchai L. The study of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in cold press rice bran oil from rice in Thailand. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:428-31.8. Sukrasno S, Tuty S, Fidrianny I. Antioxidant evaluation and phytochemical content of various rice bran extracts of three varieties rice from Semarang, central Java, Indonesia. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2017;10:377-82.9. Sabir A, Rafi M, Darusman LK. Discrimination of red and white rice bran from indonesia using HPLC fingerprint analysis combined with chemometrics. Food Chem 2017;221:1717-22.10. Niu Y, Gao B, Slavin M, Zhang X, Yang F, Bao J, et al. Phytochemical compositions, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of twenty-two red rice samples grown in Zhejiang. LWT Food Sci Technol 2013;54:521-7.11. Boonloh K, Kukongviriyapan V, Kongyingyoes B, Kukongviriyapan U, Thawornchinsombut S, Pannangpetch P, et al. Rice bran protein hydrolysates improve insulin resistance and decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in rats fed a high carbohydrate-high fat diet. Nutrients 2015;7:6313-29.12. Peñarrieta JM, Alvarado JA, Akesson B, Bergenståhl B. Total antioxidant capacity and content of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule): An andean pseudocereal. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52:708-17.13. Mungkhunthod S, Senggunprai L, Tangsucharit P, Sripui J, Kukongviriyapan U, Pannangpetch P. Antidesma thwaitesianum pomace extract improves insulin sensitivity via upregulation of PPAR-γ in high fat diet/streptozotocin-induced Type 2 diabetic rats. Asia Pac J Sci Technol 2016;21:63-76.14. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412-9.15. Naowaboot J, Wannasiri S. Anti-lipogenic effect of Senna alata leaf extract in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016;6:232-8.16. Couturier K, Qin B, Batandier C, Awada M, Hininger-Favier I, Canini F, et al. Cinnamon increases liver glycogen in an animal model of insulin

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Objective: Tubtim-chumphae rice is hybrid Thai rice with a red pericarp. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Tubtim-chumphae rice bran on insulin resistance and intrahepatic fat accumulation in high-fat-high-fructose diet (HFFD) fed rats.Methods: Ethanolic extract of rice bran (ERB) was prepared using a 50% ethanol-water. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed HFFD (40% lard, 20% fructose) for 10 weeks, followed by concomitant administrations of distilled water or ERB at 250 or 500 mg/kg/day or pioglitazone at 10 mg/kg/day for a further 4 weeks in treated groups. Normal control rats were fed normal chow and distilled water. At the end of all treatments, fasting blood glucose (FBG), an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), serum insulin levels, lipid profiles, and liver fat contents were measured. Liver histological and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) gene expression examinations were performed.Results: At week 14, control HFFD rats had significantly (p<0.05) higher FBG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin secretions together with impaired OGTT as compared to normal control rats. These parameters indicated an insulin resistant and dyslipidemic condition in HFFD rats. ERB 250 and 500 mg/kg or pioglitazone 10 mg/kg significantly ameliorated all of these changes. HFFD also caused a significant increase in fat accumulation and a decrease in PPAR-α gene expression in the livers which were significantly decreased by ERB.Conclusions: ERB decreases insulin resistance and intrahepatic fat accumulation possibly through increasing PPAR-α gene expression in HFFD rats. ERB might possibly be a neutraceutical for the metabolic syndrome patients.1. Gauthier MS, Favier R, Lavoie JM. Time course of the development of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis in response to high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Br J Nutr 2006;95:273-81.2. Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: Underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013;3:1-58.3. Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome update. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016;26:364-73.4. Fouret G, Gaillet S, Lecomte J, Bonafos B, Djohan F, Barea B, et al. 20-week follow-up of hepatic steatosis installation and liver mitochondrial structure and activity and their interrelation in rats fed a high-fat-high-fructose diet. Br J Nutr 2018;119:368-80.5. Dekker MJ, Su Q, Baker C, Rutledge AC, Adeli K. Fructose: A highly lipogenic nutrient implicated in insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010;299:E685-94.6. Vichit W, Saewan N. Antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity of thai pigmented rice. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7:329-34.7. Settharaksa S, Madaka F, Charkree K, Charoenchai L. The study of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in cold press rice bran oil from rice in Thailand. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:428-31.8. Sukrasno S, Tuty S, Fidrianny I. Antioxidant evaluation and phytochemical content of various rice bran extracts of three varieties rice from Semarang, central Java, Indonesia. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2017;10:377-82.9. Sabir A, Rafi M, Darusman LK. Discrimination of red and white rice bran from indonesia using HPLC fingerprint analysis combined with chemometrics. Food Chem 2017;221:1717-22.10. Niu Y, Gao B, Slavin M, Zhang X, Yang F, Bao J, et al. Phytochemical compositions, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of twenty-two red rice samples grown in Zhejiang. LWT Food Sci Technol 2013;54:521-7.11. Boonloh K, Kukongviriyapan V, Kongyingyoes B, Kukongviriyapan U, Thawornchinsombut S, Pannangpetch P, et al. Rice bran protein hydrolysates improve insulin resistance and decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in rats fed a high carbohydrate-high fat diet. Nutrients 2015;7:6313-29.12. Peñarrieta JM, Alvarado JA, Akesson B, Bergenståhl B. Total antioxidant capacity and content of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule): An andean pseudocereal. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52:708-17.13. Mungkhunthod S, Senggunprai L, Tangsucharit P, Sripui J, Kukongviriyapan U, Pannangpetch P. Antidesma thwaitesianum pomace extract improves insulin sensitivity via upregulation of PPAR-γ in high fat diet/streptozotocin-induced Type 2 diabetic rats. Asia Pac J Sci Technol 2016;21:63-76.14. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412-9.15. Naowaboot J, Wannasiri S. Anti-lipogenic effect of Senna alata leaf extract in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016;6:232-8.16. Couturier K, Qin B, Batandier C, Awada M, Hininger-Favier I, Canini F, et al. Cinnamon increases liver glycogen in an animal model of insulin

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The title of this study is inspired by Daniel Kahneman’s best-selling book Thinking, Fast and Slow. In it, the Nobel Prize winner explains in great detail the working of two systems of human reasoning: System 1, which is fast, automatic, associative, subconscious, involuntary and (nearly) effortless, and System 2, which is slow, intentional, logical, conscious, effortful and requires executive control, attention, and concentration. This distinction applies to human categorization as well. Each of the two labels refers, in fact, to a set of systems, which is why the designations Type 1 and Type 2 processes are preferable. The default-interventionist architecture presupposes the constant automatic activation of categories by Type 1 processes and interventions of Type 2 processes if necessary. Type 1 categorization relies on the ‘shallow’ linguistic representation of the world, while Type 2 uses ‘deep’ extralinguistic knowledge. A series of linguistic examples are analyzed to illustrate the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 categorization. A conclusion is drawn about the need to take this distinction into account in psycholinguistic and linguistic research on categorization. References Barrett, F., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. (2004). Individual differences in working memorycapacity in dual-process theories of the mind. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 553–573. Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (Eds.). (1999). Dual-process theories in social psychology. NewYork, NY: Guilford Press. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlledcomponents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18. Evans, J. St. B. T., & Stanovich, K. (2013) Dual-process theories of higher cognition:Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 223–241. Geeraerts, D. (1993). Vagueness’s puzzles, polysemy’s vagaries. Cognitive Linguistics,4(3), 223–272. Heider, Eleanor Rosch (1973). On the internal structure of perceptual and semanticcategories. In: Cognitive Development and the Acquisition of Language, (pp. 111–144).T. E. Moore, (ed.). New York: Academic Press Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgement and choice. American Psychologist, 58,697–720. Kahneman, D. (2015). Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002). Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitutionin intuitive judgement. In: Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment,(pp. 49–81). T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman, (eds.). Cambridge, MA: CambridgeUniversity Press. Lakoff, G. (1973). Hedges: A study in meaning criteria and the logic of fuzzy concepts.Journal of Philosophical Logic, 2, 458–508. Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. Chicago, London: University ofChicago Press. Reber, A. S. (1993). Implicit Learning and Tacit Knowledge. Oxford, England: OxfordUniversity Press. Stanovich, K. E. (1999). Who is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning.Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Stanovich, K. E., & West, R F. (2000). Individual difference in reasoning: implications forthe rationality debate? Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 23, 645–726. Старко В. Категоризаційні кваліфікатори// Проблеми зіставної семантики. 2013,№ 11. С. 132–138.Starko, V. (2013). Katehoryzatsiini kvalifikatory. Problemy Zistavnoyi Semantyky, 11,132–138. Sun, R., Slusarz, P., & Terry, C. (2005). The interaction of the explicit and the implicit inskill learning: A dual-process approach. Psychological Review, 112, 159–192. Teasdale, J. D. (1999). Multi-level theories of cognition–emotion relations. In: Handbookof Cognition and Emotion, (pp. 665–681). T. Dalgleish & M. J. Power, (eds.). Chichester,England: Wiley. Wason, P. C., & Evans, J. St. B. T. (1975). Dual processes in reasoning? Cognition, 3,141–154. Whorf, B. L. (1956). The relation of habitual thought and behavior to language. In:Language, Thought, and Reality. Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, (pp. 134–159). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The M.I.T. Press. (originally published in 1941) Wierzbicka, A. (1996). Semantic Primes and Universals. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

David Scott; Conscripts of Modernity: The Tragedy of Colonial Enlightenment (Shalina Puri)Rebecca J. Scott; Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery (Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha)Patrick Bellegarde-Smith (ed.); Fragments of Bone: Neo-African Religions in a New World (Dianne M. Stewart)Londa Schiebinger; Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World (J.D. La Fleur)F. Abiola Irele, Simon Gikandi (eds.);The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature (A. James Arnold)Sean X. Goudie; Creole America: The West Indies and the Formation of Literature and Culture in the New Republic (J. Bradford Anderson)Doris Garraway; The Libertine Colony: Creolization in the Early French Caribbean (Charles Forsdick)Adélékè Adéèkó; The Slave’s Rebellion: Fiction, History, Orature (Owen Robinson)J. Brooks Bouson; Jamaica Kincaid: Writing Memory, Writing Back to the Mother (Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert)Gary Wilder; The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonial Humanism between the Two World Wars (Nick Nesbitt)Fernando Picó; History of Puerto Rico: A Panorama of its People (Francisco A. Scarano)Peter E. Siegel (ed.); Ancient Borinquen: Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Native Puerto Rico (William F. Keegan) Magali Roy-Féquière; Women, Creole Identity, and Intellectual Life in Early Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico (Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel)Katherine E. Browne; Creole Economics: Caribbean Cunning under the French Flag (David Beriss)Louis A. Pérez, Jr; To Die in Cuba: Suicide and Society (Matt D. Childs)John Lawrence Tone; War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895-1898 (Gillian McGillivray)Frank Argote-Freyre; Fulgencio Batista: From Revolutionary to Strongman (Javier Figueroa-De Cárdenas)Juanita de Barros, Audra Diptee, David V. Trotman (eds.); Beyond Fragmentation: Perspectives on Caribbean History (Bernard Moitt)Matthew Mulcahy; Hurricanes and Society in the British Greater Caribbean, 1624-1783 (Bonham C. Richardson)Michaeline A. Crichlow; Negotiating Caribbean Freedom: Peasants and the State in Development (Christine Chivallon)Peta Gay Jensen; The Last Colonials: The Story of Two European Families in Jamaica (Karl Watson)Marc Tardieu; Les Antillais à Paris: D’hier à aujourd’hui (David Beriss)Rhonda D. Frederick; “Colón Man a Come”: Mythographies of Panamá Canal Migration (Michael L. Conniff)James Robertson; Gone is the Ancient Glory: Spanish Town, Jamaica, 1534-2000 (Philip D. Morgan)Philippe R. Girard; Paradise Lost: Haiti’s Tumultuous Journey from Pearl of the Caribbean to Third World Hotspot (Carolle Charles)Michael Deibert; Notes from the Last Testament: The Struggle for Haiti (Carolle Charles)Ellen de Vries; Suriname na de binnenlandse oorlog (Aspha E. Bijnaar)In: New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indische Gids no. 82 (2008), no: 1-2, Leiden

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Abyssal polychaetes are usually difficult to be identified because they are small, their body patterns differ from their shallow water relatives, their delicate bodies are often damaged during sampling and sieving, and their taxonomy is in need of revision. Members of the family Fauveliopsidae Hartman, 1971 are widespread in deep ocean basins and they follow the above statements. In this contribution, we present a revision of all available type and non-type material for the family. Our objective is to provide keys to identify genera and species, as well as standardized diagnoses, and illustrations for most species, excluding those described since 2011, or where type material was not available. One genus, Riseriopsis n. gen., is proposed and four species are newly described. The Fauveliopsidae now includes 24 species in three genera: Fauveliopsis McIntosh, 1922 (13 species), Laubieriopsis Petersen, 2000 (8 species), and Riseriopsis n. gen. (3 species). Fauveliopsis includes species usually living inside gastropod or scaphopod shells or foraminiferan tubes, Laubieriopsis and Riseriopsis include species commonly regarded as free living, although some species of the latter have very long bodies and have been found inside soft tubes. Fauveliopsis includes: F. adriatica Katzmann & Laubier, 1974, F. armata Fauchald & Hanco*ck, 1981, F. brattegardi Fauchald, 1972a, F. brevipodus Hartman, 1971, F. challengeriae McIntosh, 1922, F. glabra (Hartman in Hartman & Barnard, 1960), F. jameoaquensis Núñez in Núñez, Ocaña & Brito, 1997, F. levensteinae n. sp., F. magalhaesi n. sp., F. magna Fauchald & Hanco*ck, 1981, F. olgae Hartmann-Schröder, 1983, F. rugosa Fauchald, 1972b, and F. scabra Hartman & Fauchald, 1971. Laubieriopsis includes: L. arenicola (Riser, 1987), L. blakei n. sp., L. brevis (Hartman, 1965), L. cabiochi (Amoureux, 1982), L. fauchaldi (Katzmann & Laubier, 1974) n. comb., L. hartmanae (Levenstein, 1970) reinst., L. norvegica Zhadan & Atroshchenko, 2012, and L. petersenae Magalhães, Bailey-Brock & Rizzo, 2014. Riseriopsis includes: R. arabica (Hartman, 1976) n. comb., R. confusa (Thiel, Purschke & Böggemann, 2011) n. comb., and R. santosae n. sp. Keywords. Deep-sea species, taxonomy, genital papillae, genera, species Introduction The family-group name Fauveliopsidae was established by Hartman (1971) and derived from Fauveliopsis McIntosh, 1922. The genus-group name was dedicated to Pierre Fauvel, famous French polychaetologist, and the type species, F. challengeriae McIntosh, 1922, was described based on specimens collected during the HMS Challenger expedition. The phylogenetic affinities of fauveliopsids are unsettled in part due to the fact that only a few species have been included in past analyses; after the analysis of morphological and molecular characters (Zrzavý et al. 2009, figure 6), Fauveliopsidae groups with Cossuridae and Paraonidae, as a sister group to what has been regarded as Cirratuliformia (Cirratulidae, Acrocirridae, Flabelligeridae). This family includes benthic species that are rarely abundant, and they tend to prefer silty bottoms. Most species have been described from deep-sea locations including trenchs (Menzies & George 1967); however, a few shallow water species were described from the Canary Islands (5 m), New Zealand (20 m), and the Adriatic Sea (60 m). Members of the family are free living or find shelter in tubes of cemented silt grains (Blake & Petersen 2000, Petersen 2000); they can also be found inside scaphopod, or gastropod mollusk shells, or inside tubular foraminiferans (Bathysiphon Sars, 1872). It should be noted, however, that typical Bathysiphon tests include sponge spicules, and that Psammosiphonella Avnimelech, 1952 was proposed for those agglutinated foraminiferans whose tests do not include sponge spicules; this latter genus has been regarded as distinct (Rögl 1995; Kaminski 2004; Kaminski et al. 2009). This is relevant because at least in some cases, as we show below, fauveliopsid tubes have a complex organization, such that other interpretations might be involved. Another interesting issue is that Małecki (1973) regarded these foraminiferan tests (Bathysiphon and Psammosiphonella) as polychaete tubes, because they lack the characteristic basal embryonic chamber, proloculus, which define foraminiferans. This idea was not followed and the above genera are still regarded as foraminiferans (Kaminski 2004). Fauveliopsid bodies are subcylindrical, wider medially, or club-shaped; in the latter, the anterior region is the narrower one. Parapodia are displaced dorsally with notopodia being clearly dorsolateral, whereas neuropodia are lateral and chaetae are directed anteriorly, usually along anterior region, and it is related to free living species. The combination of a usually posterior wider region and the parapodial disposition, together with the presence of some anal papillae has made it difficult to assess body polarity and for some descriptions the body ends were incorrectly characterized (Laubier 1972:698; Hartman 1976:236, Fig. 12a). There are four morphological traits of typical polychaete body patterns that can explain this difficulty: 1) anterior region is wider than the rest of the body; 2) segments are less clear cut anteriorly; 3) chaetal bundles are displaced to the anterior border of each chaetiger, being displaced to the median region and eventually towards the posterior region in median to posterior chaetigers; and 4) chaetae are directed anteriorly in a few anterior chaetigers, and towards the posterior region in the rest of the body. Surprisingly, these patterns are reversed among fauveliopsids because many have evolved to live within tubes, bending their bodies obliquely or ventrally, and by directing their chaetal bundles anteriorly (originally noticed by McIntosh 1922:6). These modifications could provide better anchoring for chaetae and parapodia. Inside gastropod shells, there are different conditions for what lies dorsally or ventrally; this might have selected for body modifications. For example, parapodia become dorsally displaced and this would enlarge ventral and lateral surface areas to be in close contact with the shell. Katzmann & Laubier (1974:10, Fig. 3C) showed that in some fauveliopsids the narrower region is exposed through the shell aperture. Blake & Petersen (2000) clarified the body end confusion, standardized concepts about morphological features, and redescribed some species. However, earlier descriptions deserve re-evaluation because of a potential confusion of body ends. Riser (1987) provided some histological details and indicated that stomach contents consisted of foraminiferans and silt, whereas Purschke (1997) made SEM illustrations of nuchal organs. Hartman (1971:1411) proposed Fauveliopsidae to include four genera that she regarded as flabelligerid-like: Bruunilla Hartman, 1971, Fauveliopsis, Flabelligella Hartman, 1965, and Flota Hartman, 1967. In a subsequent publication, Hartman (1974:199, 235) apparently changed her perspective and transferred Fauveliopsis to the Flabelligeridae; however, in a posthumous publication (Hartman 1978:175) she used the family as originally proposed. The composition of the Fauveliopsidae has been modified over the years, with Orensanz (1974) transferring Flabelligella to Acrocirridae, Pettibone (1979) indicating that Bruunilla belongs in Polynoidae, and Buzhinskaja (1996) proposing an independent family for Flota. For the latter genus group name, Salazar-Vallejo & Zhadan (2007) regarded it as a junior synonym of Buskiella McIntosh, 1885. The family was thus restricted to Fauveliopsis but it now also includes Laubieriopsis Petersen, 2000 and Riseriopsis n. gen. Three major publications have addressed identification problems in Fauveliopsis. Katzmann & Laubier (1974) prepared a key to species based upon the number of chaetigers, integument features and type of chaetae throughout body. Amoureux (1982) compiled the known species and pointed out their number of chaetigers. Hartmann-Schröder (1983) had a different approach and relied more on chaetal patterns than on number of chaetigers. Because body ends were confused in some of the original descriptions, the species deserve reinterpretation. In order to standardize the morphological features, the diagnoses below combine these approaches and additional observations based upon specimens with some remarks about the match between previous descriptions and these standardized diagnoses, as made elsewhere for tropical American species (Salazar-Vallejo 2009). In this contribution, we have dealt with all material available of fauveliopsid genera and species. We propose a new genus, Riseriopsis n. gen., to include two species of Fauveliopsis provided with long, posteriorly swollen bodies, with long segments along median region, and two known species are newly combined. Further, four species are newly described, and another one, Laubieriopsis hartmanae (Levenstein, 1970), is redescribed and reinstated.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

A Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) plant from a commercial property in New Zealand was submitted to the Investigation and Diagnostic Centre for diagnosis in 2003. Fruits had faint yellow ringspots but no obvious symptoms were observed on leaves. No virus particles were observed from tomato and symptomatic herbaceous plants crude sap preparations. Mechanically inoculated Nicotiana clevelandii and N glutinosa developed systemic chlorosis, whereas pinpoint necrotic local lesions were observed on Chenopodium amaranticolor. Chlorotic local lesions were also observed on C. quinoa followed by systemic necrosis. No symptoms were observed on Cucumis sativus, Gomphrena globosa, N. benthamiana, N. sylvestris, or N. tabacum cv. White Burley. Total RNA was extracted from N. glutinosa and C. quinoa leaf samples using the Qiagen (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) Plant RNeasy Kit. Reverse transcription (RT) was carried out by using random hexamer primers and SuperScript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Frederick, MD) followed with PCR using broad-detection primers targeting the genera Carmovirus, Dianthovirus, Ilarvirus, Tospovirus, (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN) and Tombusvirus (2). A positive RT-PCR amplification was obtained only with Ilarvirus primers. The 450-bp product (GenBank Accession No. DQ457000) from the replicase gene had a 97.4% nt and 98.6% aa identity with Spinach latent virus (SpLV; Accession No. NC_003808). An RT-PCR protocol was developed for the specific detection of SpLV. Primers were designed from three SpLV RNA sequences (RNA1: NC_003808; RNA2: NC_003809; RNA3: NC_003810) using the Primer3 software (3). Primers SpLV-RNA1-F (5′-TGTGGATTGGTGGTTGGA-3′) and SpLV-RNA1-R (5′-CTTGCTTGAGGAGAGATGTTG-3′) anneal to the replicase gene from nt 1720 to 2441. Primers SpLV-RNA2-F (5′-GAACCACCGAAACCGAAA-3′) and SpLV-RNA2-R (5′-CCACCTCAACACCAGTCATAG-3′) bind to the polymerase gene from nt 603 to 1038. Primers SpLV-RNA3-F (5′-GCCTTCATCTTTGCCTTTG-3′) and SpLV-RNA3-R (5′-CATTTCATCTGCGGTGGT-3′) amplify the movement protein gene from nt 724 to 936. The predicted amplified product sizes were 722, 436, and 213 bp from RNA1, RNA2, and RNA3, respectively. RT was carried out as described above. PCR was performed in a 20-μl reaction containing 2 μl cDNA, 1× Taq reaction buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 0.2 μM of forward and reverse primers, and 1 U Taq polymerase (Promega, Madison, WI). The PCR amplification cycle was identical for the three primer pairs: denaturation (95°C for 3 min) followed by 37 cycles of 95°C (20 s), 60°C (30 s), and 72°C (30 s) with a final elongation step (72°C for 3 min). The amplified products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis, stained with SYBR Green, and their identities confirmed by sequencing. The tomato sample was grown from seed imported from the Netherlands where SpLV occurs (4). The virus is of potential importance for the tomato industry because of its symptomless infection and high frequency of seed transmission in many plant species (1,4). SpLV has never been detected in other submitted tomato samples. Consequently, SpLV is not considered to be established in New Zealand. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SpLV in tomato. References: (1) L. Bos et al. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 86:79, 1980. (2) R. Koeing et al. Arch. Virol. 149:1733, 2004. (3) S. Rozen and H. Skaletsky. Page 365 in: Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 2000. (4) Z. Stefenac and M. Wrischer. Acta Bot. Croat. 42:1, 1983.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

BackgroundOvarian cancer (OC) responds poorly to immunotherapies. Regulatory T cells (Treg) engage IL-2 by high-affinity CD25 for differentiation and function,1 and anti-tumor effector T cells (Teff) use intermediate affinity CD122. We studied IL-2 complexes (IL-2c) that selectively activate CD122 (Teff) over CD25 (Tregs).MethodsOrthotopic ID8agg-luc mouse OC burden was measured by in vivo imaging. Tumor, ascites and draining lymph nodes (TDLN) were analyzed by flow and tSNE. IL-2c was complexed using 1.5 µg/mouse IL-2 and 7.5 µg/mouse aIL-2 (clone JES6-5H4) before i.p. injection every other day x 4 starting at day 7. antiPD-L1 was given at 100ug/mouse every 3 days x 4 starting from Day 11. FIR mice2 were used to sort live Tregs.ResultsIL-2c but not antiPD-L1 potently inhibits ID8agg (figure 1). IL-2c decreased ascites Treg functional markers (e.g., CD25, granzymeB) while upregulating the same markers on Teffs (figure 2). IL-2c inhibited Treg suppression in ascites while TDLN Tregs were unaffected (figure 3). tSNE showed great similarity of TDLN Tregs treated with isotype and IL-2c while ascites Tregs after IL-2c showed a fragile phenotype (e.g., increased PD-1, T-bet, and IFNgamma with maintained FoxP3 expression [figure 4]) which is known to contribute to better response to cancer immunotherapy.3 4 We observed a complete reduction of tumor bioluminescence with IL-2c and antiPD-L1 combo treatment in nearly all subjects significantly exceeding effect of IL-2c alone (figure 5). A CD8+CXCR5+TCF-1+ T cell stem cell (TCSC) population reportedly improves immune checkpoint blockade efficacy.5 6 Since CD122 is regulated by TCF-1,7 we explored the effect of IL-2c on these TCSC. IL-2c significantly induced a CD8+TCF-1+ TCSC population in ID8agg tumors (figure 6), possibly through a positive feedback loop by further enhancing CD122 expression on TCF-1+, but not TCF-1- cells (figure 7). tSNE analysis of detailed immune phenotype of IL-2c induced TCSC revealed that these TCSC differed from those induced by antiPD-L1. In ID8agg, antiPD-L1-induced TCSC are mostly CXCR5+ and PD1+, consistent with previous reports in other cancers3 4 while IL-2c-induced TCSC were PD1- (figure 8), expressed CCR2 and CXCR3, and produced TNFalpha (figure 9).Abstract 690 Figure 1IL-2c but not aPD-L1 treats ID8aggLuciferase signal of ID8agg-luc tumors treated with isotype, ?PD-L1, or IL-2c measured by in vivo imaging. Arrows indicate treatments.Abstract 690 Figure 2IL-2c inhibits functional markers on tregs and promotes teffExpression of CD25 and granzymeB were measured by flow cytometry in indicated population from isotype or IL-2c treated ascites 3 weeks after final IL-2c dose.Abstract 690 Figure 3IL-2c reduces ascites Treg suppressive functionTregs sorted from ascites or TDLN of isotype or IL-2c treated FIR mice co-cultured with Teff cells. Percent suppression of Teff cells proliferation shown.Abstract 690 Figure 4IL-2c induces Treg fragility in ascites but not TDLN tSNE analysis on CD45+CD3+CD4+FoxP3+ cells from ascites and TDLN of isotype and IL-2c treated ID8agg-luc challenged mice. Right, representative bar graphs of flow data.Abstract 690 Figure 5IL-2c and aPD-L1 combo treatment effectively cures ID8aggLuciferase signal of ID8agg-luc tumors treated with isotype, ?PD-L1, IL-2c or combo measured by in vivo imaging. Arrows indicate treatments.Abstract 690 Figure 6IL-2c induces a CD8+TCF-1+ population in ID8aggID8agg-luc tumors analyzed by flow cytometry gated on CD45+CD3+CD8+ cells.Abstract 690 Figure 7IL-2c induces CD122 on CD8+TCF-1+ but not TCF-1- cellsCD122 expression was measured by flow cytometry in CD8+TCF-1+ and CD8+ TCF-1- cells from tumors treated with isotype or IL-2c.Abstract 690 Figure 8CD8+TCF1+ cells from ID8agg analyzed by flow cytometry plus tSNE. Cells expressing CXCR5 (blue) and PD1 (red) indicated in overlayAbstract 690 Figure 9CD8+TCF1+ cells from ID8agg analyzed by flow cytometryConclusionsWe define two novel IL-2c effects: inducing Treg fragility therefore reducing immunosuppression while promoting TCSC that could enhance effective anti-tumor immunity. Current work tests if effects are related and help efficacy, and mechanisms for IL-2c Treg effects. We also show that elicited TCSC differ by treatment and tumor, requiring additional investigations.AcknowledgementsThis work is supported by CPRIT Research Training Award (RP 170345), Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance Ann and Sol Schreiber Mentored Investigator Award to YD and R01 CA205965to TC.Ethics ApprovalAll mice studies were approved by UT Health San Antonio Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Approval number 20150093AR, 20140001AR, 20170035AR, 20140039AR, 20140027AR, 20090128AR, 20120071AR, 20180021AR.ReferencesMalek TR: The biology of interleukin-2. Annu Rev Immunol 2008, 26:453–479.Fantini MC, Dominitzki S, Rizzo A, Neurath MF, Becker C: In vitro generation of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory cells from murine naive T cells. Nat Protoc 2007, 2(7):1789–1794.Overacre-Delgoffe AE, Chikina M, Dadey RE, Yano H, Brunazzi EA, Shayan G, Horne W, Moskovitz JM, Kolls JK, Sander C, et al: Interferon-gamma Drives Treg Fragility to Promote Anti-tumor Immunity. Cell 2017, 169(6):1130–1141e1111.Overacre-Delgoffe AE, Vignali DAA: Treg Fragility: A Prerequisite for Effective Antitumor Immunity? Cancer Immunol Res 2018, 6(8):882–887.Brummelman J, Mazza EMC, Alvisi G, Colombo FS, Grilli A, Mikulak J, Mavilio D, Alloisio M, Ferrari F, Lopci E, et al: High-dimensional single cell analysis identifies stem-like cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells infiltrating human tumors. J Exp Med 2018.Sade-Feldman M, Yizhak K, Bjorgaard SL, Ray JP, de Boer CG, Jenkins RW, Lieb DJ, Chen JH, Frederick DT, Barzily-Rokni M, et al: Defining T Cell States Associated with Response to Checkpoint Immunotherapy in Melanoma. Cell 2018, 175(4):998–1013 e1020.Jeevan-Raj B, Gehrig J, Charmoy M, Chennupati V, Grandclement C, Angelino P, Delorenzi M, Held W: The Transcription Factor Tcf1 Contributes to Normal NK Cell Development and Function by Limiting the Expression of Granzymes. Cell Rep 2017, 20(3):613–626.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

دلائل نبوة محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم قبل بعثته (إرهاصات نبوية)، خالد عبد القادر، دمشق: المكتب الإسلامي للطباعة والنشر، 2010م، 280 صفحة. حقائق وشبهات حول السنة النبوية، محمد عمارة، القاهرة: دار السلام للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع والترجمة، ط1، 2010م، 208 صفحة. منهجية ابن خلدون في تدوين السيرة النبوية وتفسيرها، سالمة محمود محمد عبد القادر، بيروت: دار الكتب العلمية، 2010م، 256 صفحة. تطبيقات تربوية معاصرة في السنة النبوية، علي بن إبراهيم بن سعود عجين، عمان: مركز ديبونو للنشر والتوزيع، 2010م، 134 صفحة. شخصية رسول الله بين تصوير الوحي وتصوُّرات الدارسين، سعيد المغناوي، بيروت: دار ابن حزم، ط1، 2008م، جزأين، 1349 صفحة. منهج ابن حزم الظاهري في الاحتجاج بالسنة، إسماعيل رفعت فوزي، المنصورة: دار الوفاء، ط1، 2009م، مجلد، 778 صفحة. الاتجاهات المعاصرة في دراسة السنة النبوية في مصر وبلاد الشام، محمد عبد الرزاق أسود، دمشق: دار الكلم الطيب، 2008م، 688 صفحة. الخطاب النبوي لغير البالغين، سرور فرحان الشرمان، عمان: دار المأمون، 2009م، 171 صفحة. The Prophet's Ascension: Cross-Cultural Encounters with the Islamic Mi'raj Tales, Christiane J. Gruber (Editor), Frederick S. Colby (Editor), Indiana University Press (January 11, 2010), 440 pages. Muhammad: Man and Prophet, Adil Salahi, The Islamic Foundation; Revised edition (March 1, 2010), 854 pages. The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad (Cambridge Companions to Religion), Jonathan E. Brockopp, Cambridge University Press (April 19, 2010), 344 pages. Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam, Fred M. Donner, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (May 15, 2010), 304 pages. The Biography of Muhammed: Nature and Authenticity (Routledge Studies in Classical Islam), Gregor Schoeler, Routledge; 1 edition (July 1, 2010), 208 pages. The Mantle Odes: Arabic Praise Poems to the Prophet Muhammad, Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych, Indiana University Press (July 11, 2010), 336 pages. The Leadership of Muhammad, John Adair, Kogan Page, Ltd, August 28, 2010, 144 pages. Untold: A History of the Wives of Prophet Muhammad, Tamam Kahn, Monkfish Book Publishing (September 1, 2010), 192 pages. Daily Wisdom: Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, Abdur Raheem Kidwai, Kube Publishing Ltd (September 1, 2010), 400 pages. Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives, F. E. Peters, Oxford University Press, USA (October 14, 2010), 304 pages. The Book of Muhammad, Mehru Jaffer, Penguin Global (June 30, 2010), 156 pages. The Truth about Muhammad: Founder of the Worlds Most Intolerant Religion, Robert Spencer, Regnery Press (July 17, 2007), 224 pages. About Muhammad: The Other Western Perspective on the Prophet of Islam, Abdelwahab El-Effendi (Editor), Legacy Publishing (August 2010), 112 pages. للحصول على كامل المقالة مجانا يرجى النّقر على ملف ال PDF في اعلى يمين الصفحة.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The year 1985 was a landmark in Canadian biology, for it witnessed both the first Canadian Congress of Biology and the 80th birthday of Professor Vladimir Joseph Krajina. Because Krajina's work has had an impact on more than one biological discipline, we believed that the congress would be an appropriate forum to pay tribute to one of Canada's premier ecologists and botanists. Krajina has done much to awaken Canada's environmental consciousness and shape its ecological thinking and, in the process, has made major contributions to the international discipline of ecology.Professor Krajina was born in 1905 in Slavice, a small Moravian village in Czechoslovakia. Historians of science have characterized 1905 as “the miraculous year.” That was the year Albeit Einstein published the theory of relativity and George Santayana began his book The Life of Reason with the following first line printed in boldface, “Man affects his environment, sometimes to good purpose.” E. M. Forster published his Where Angels Fear to Tread, Vladimir Lenin his Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, and Sigmund Freud his Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex. That year, the English novelist and science educator C. P. Snow was born, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were formed.It was a very significant year for ecology as well. The first American textbook, Research Methods in Ecology, was published by a then little-known ecologist named Frederick E. Clements. Carl Raunkiaer in Denmark published his Types biologiques pour la géographie botanique, later to be cited in ecological literature as Raunkiaer's system of life forms and biological spectra. In addition, Karel Domin, who would become Krajina's mentor, published Das böhmische Mittelgebirge in Czechoslovakia.Krajina received his doctorate at the age of 22 from Charles University in Prague. There, he rose to become Professor of Botany and Head of the Department of Plant Sociology and Ecology. Krajina was a major force in the Second World War. A champion of democracy and possessing immense foresight and fortitude, he provided strategic information to the Allies, not without great personal hardship. This aspect of his life is beyond the scope of this review, but many volumes are available that document his indomitable courage and his contributions (see, for example, J. Korbel, The Communist Subversion of Czechoslovakia, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1959). After the war, he received both military and civilian medals and was elected to the Czechoslovakian parliament.He arrived in Vancouver in 1949. Not in possession of his transcripts or even a reprint of his own work, he joined the University of British Columbia as Lady Davis Foundation Fellow and Special Lecturer, and later attained the rank of full professor. It was here that he developed the ecological schema that bear his imprint and guided 33 students through their doctoral and master's programs. Highly respected as a teacher and researcher, he has left an indelible mark on Canadian ecology. His contributions have been recognized by honorary degrees from major universities, by medals of honor from many societies, and in several feature films on environment from the National Film Board of Canada. Even today, he remains active in finalizing his massive treatise on the ecology of British Columbia vegetation.In presenting this series of papers as a tribute to Professor Krajina, it was the intention of the organizers to reflect on two contemporary topics of ecology, rather than present a comprehensive overview or a complete documentation of Krajina's contributions. What is presented here, therefore, is a series of ecological vignettes on community organization and ecosystem conservation, areas of science in which Professor Krajina has played a major role.The organizers extend their warm thanks to Professor Jennifer Shay of the University of Manitoba for her help and assistance, to Professor Jack Major for writing the epilogue, to Professor Taylor A. Steeves, who encouraged the publication of this symposium, and to Professor Paul F. Mayco*ck, Associate Editor of the Canadian Journal of Botany, who edited this series of articles.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Dobrowolsky, Alexandra. The Politics of Pragmatism: Women, Representation, and Constitutionalism in Canada. By Deborah Stienstra 403Dion, Stéphane. Straight Talk: Speeches and Writings on Canadian Unity. By Ines Molinaro 404Mellon, Hugh and Martin Westmacott, eds. Political Dispute and Judicial Review: Assessing the Work of the Supreme Court of Canada By Christopher P. Manfredi 406Sossin, Lorne M. Boundaries of Judicial Review: The Law of Justiciability in Canada. By James B. Kelly 407Swainger, Jonathan. The Canadian Department of Justice and the Completion of Confederation, 1867-78. By Peter J. Smith 408Madar, Daniel. Heavy Traffic: Deregulation, Trade, and Transformation in North American Trucking. By Anthony Perl 410Elkin, Stephen and Karol Soltan, eds. Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions. By Henry Milner 411Bauer, Julien. Politique et religion. Par Stéphane Labranche 413Waldner, David. State Building and Late Development. By Saime Ozcurumez 415Mink, Gwendolyn. Welfare's End By Margaret Little 417Sabatier, Paul A., ed. Theories of the Policy Process By Grace Skogstad 419Mintrom, Michael. Policy Entrepreneurs and School Choice. By Frederick M. Hess 420Shaiko, Ronald G.. Voices and Echoes: Public Interest Representation in the 1990s and Beyond. By Eric Mintz 422White, John Kenneth and Daniel M. Shea. New Party Politics: From Jefferson and Hamilton to the Information Age. By Rosalind Blanco Cook 423Raymond, Joad, ed. News, Newspapers, and Society in Early Modern Britain. By Brian Richardson 424Bennett, Rab. Under the Shadow of the Swastika: The Moral Dilemmas of Resistance and Collaboration in Hitler's Europe. By Lynne Taylor 426Bhatia, G. S., J. S. O'Neill, G. L. Gall and P. D. Bendin, eds. Peace, Justice and Freedom: Human Rights Challenges in the New Millennium. By Marlies Glasius 427Brinks, Jan Herman. Children of a New Fatherland: Germany's Post-War Right-Wing Politics. By Adrienne Wallace 429Gorbachev, Mikhail. Gorbachev: On My Country and the World. By Margaret Ogrodnick 430Greven, Michael Th. and Louis W. Pauly, eds. Democracy beyond the State? The European Dilemma and the Emerging Global Order. By Alexandra Kogl 432Krishna, Sankaran. Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood. By Liz Philipson 433Sutter, Robert G. Chinese Policy Priorities and Their Implications for the United States. By Yuchao Zhu 435Caspary, William R. Dewey on Democracy. By Brian Hendley 436Fierlbeck, Katherine. Globalizing Democracy: Power, Legitimacy and the Interpretation of Democratic Ideas. By Boris DeWiel 438Kymlicka, Will and Wayne Norman, eds. Citizenship in Diverse Societies. By Paul Gilbert 439Macleod, Colin M. Liberalism, Justice, and Markets: A Critique of Liberal Equality. By Matthew Clayton 441Jones, Charles. Global Justice: Defending Cosmopolitanism. By Janna Thompson 442Rey, J.-F., dir. Altérités : entre visible et invisible. Par Stéphane Labranche 444

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

A common ground between mental health and judicial-legal domains concerns concepts like “care”, “control” and “possibility to foresee” human behaviour, with particular reference to the “social dangerousness”. The connections between these sense-making practices can be traced by discursive modulation of “certainty/uncertainty”. This study aimed to highlight the discursive peculiarities of a specific socio-cultural context and genre, namely scientific papers. The corpus of data consisted in a selection of 30 papers published by the BJP (from 1975 to 2015), on subjects concerning forensic psychiatry, subjected to Content Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis. Results showed that the papers adopted two main socio-epistemic rhetorics. On one side, the enunciators proceeded in an “assertive” and rigorous manner through a social-epistemic rhetoric of “reassurance”; on the other side, they gave voice to rhetoric of the “limit”, lacking any cognitive “closure”. References Bakhtin, M.M. (1979). Estetika slovesnogo tvorcestva. Moskow: Iskusstvo. Bennett, T., Holloway, K., & Farrington, D. (2008). The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 107-118. Berlin, J.A. (1993). Post-structuralism, semiotics, and social-epistemic rhetoric: Converging agendas. In T. Enos & S. Brown (Eds.), Defining the new rhetoric (pp. 137-176). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Caffi, C. (2001). La mitigazione. Un approccio pragmatico alla comunicazione nei contesti terapeutici [Mitigation. A pragmatic approach to communication within therapeutic contexts]. Münster: LIT Verlag. Cantarini, S., Abraham, W., & Leiss, E. (Eds.) (2014). Certainty-uncertainty – and the Attitudinal Space in Between [SLCS 165]. Amsterdam: John Benjamin. Catanesi, R., Carabellese, F., & Grattagliano, I. (2009). Cura e controllo. Come cambia la pericolosità sociale psichiatrica [Treatment and control. How has the concept of psychiatric social danger changed]. Giornale Italiano di Psicopatologia, 15,: 64-74. Crismore, A., Markannen, R., & Steffenson, M. (1993). Metadiscourse in persuasive writing: A study of texts written in American and Finnish University students. Written Communication, 10 (1), 39-71. Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge. Foucault, M. (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge and The Discourse on Language. New York: Pantheon Books. Grevi, V. (2006). Prove [Proof]. In V. Grevi & G. Conso (Eds.), Compendio di procedura penale [Handbook of penal procedure](pp. 313-406). Padua: Cedam. Grice, P.H. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J.L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics, Vol. 3: Speech acts (pp. 41-58). New York: Academic Press. Gross, A.G., Harmon, J.E., & Reidy, M.S. (2002). Communicating Science. The Scientific Paper from the 17th Century to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press. Hermans, H. J. M., & Gieser, T. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of Dialogical Self Theory. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Hyland, K. (1996). Writing without conviction? Hedging in scientific research articles. Applied Linguistics, 17 (4), 433-454. Hyland, K. (1998). Boosting, hedging and the negotiation of academic knowledge. TEXT, 18(3), 349-382. Hyland, K. (2001). Bringing in the reader: addressee features in academic articles. Written Communication, 18 (4), 549-574. Junginger, J. (1996), Psychosis and violence: the case for a content analysis of psychotic experience. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 91-103. Kaliski, S.Z. (2002). A comparison of risk factors for habitual violence in pre-trial subjects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106 (412), 58-61. Kockelman, P. (2007) Agency: The Relation between Meaning, Power, and Knowledge, Current Anthropology, 48 (3), 375-401. Lamb, H., & Weimberger, L. (1998). Persons with severe mental illness in jails and prisons: A review. Psychiatric Services, 49, 483-492. Lancia, F. (2004). Strumenti per l'analisi dei testi. Introduzione all'uso di T-LAB [Instruments for Text Analysis. Introduction to the Use of T-LAB]. Milano: Franco Angeli. Lindqvist, P., & Allebeck, P. (1990), Schizophrenia and crime: a longitudinal follow-up of 644 schizophrenics in Stockolm. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 345-350. Marzuk, P. (1996), Violence, crime and mental illness: How strong a link? Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 481-486. Mininni, G., & Manuti, A. (2017). A rose is more than a rose… The diatextual constitution of subjects and objects. Text & Talk, 37 (2), 243-263. Mininni, G., Manuti, A., Scardigno, R., Rubino, R. (2014). Old roots, new branches: The shoot of diatextual analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11, 1-16. Mininni, G., Scardigno, R. & Grattagliano, I. (2014). The dialogic construction of certainty in legal contexts. Language & Dialogue. Special issue Certainty and Uncertainty in dialogue, 4 (1), 112-131. Monahan, J. (1997). Clinical and actuarial predictions of violence. In D. Faigman, D. Kaye & M. Saxs (Eds.) Modern scientific evidence: the law and science of expert testimony (pp. 300-318). New York: West. Mullen, P. (2000). Forensic mental health. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 307-311. Rasanen, P., Tiihonen, J., Isohanni, M. (1998). Schizophrenia, alcohol abuse and violent behaviour: A 26-year follow-up study of an unselected birth cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 437-41. Salvatore, S., Gelo, O.C., Gennaro, A., Metrangolo, R., Terrone, G., Pace, V., Venuleo, C., Venezia, A., & Ciavolino, E. (2017). An automated method of content analysis for psychotherapy research: A further validation. Psychotherapy Research, 27 (1),38–50. Salvatore, S., & Valsiner, J. (2011). Idiographic science as a nonexisting object: The importance of the reality of the dynamic system. In S. Salvatore, J. Valsiner, A. Gennaro, & J.B. Travers Simon (Eds.), YIS: Yearbook of idiographic science (Vol. 3) (pp. 7-26). Rome: Firera & Liuzzo. Shah, S.A. (1978). Dangerousness and Mental Ilness: Some Conceptual, Prediction and Policy Dilemmas. In C. Frederick (Ed.) Dangerous behaviour: A problem in Law and mental health (pp. 153-191). Rockville, MD: NIMH, Washington. Steadman, H. J., & Cocozza J. J. (1974). Careers of the criminally insane: Excessive social control of deviance. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, D.C. Heath. Swanson, J., Estroff, S., Swartz, M., Borum, R., Lachicotte, W., Zimmer C., & Wagner, R. (1997). Violence and severe mental disorder in clinical and community populations: the effects of psychotic symptoms, comorbidity and lack of treatment. Psychiatry, 60, 1-22. Swartz, M., Swanson, J., & Hiday, V. (1998), Violence and severe mental illness: The effects of substance abuse and nonadherence to medication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 226-231. Torrey, E. (1994). Violent behaviour by individuals with serious mental illness. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 45, 653-662. Valsiner, J. (2007). Culture in minds and societies. Foundations of cultural psychology. New Delhi: Sage. Van Dijk, T.A. (2008). Discourse and Power. Houndsmills: Palgrave. Walsh, E., Buchanan, A., & Fahy, T. (2002). Violence and schizophrenia: examining the evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 490-495. Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2009). Methods of critical discourse analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Abstract The Society gratefully acknowledges the time and effort of the following individuals who served as reviewers of abstracts for this meeting: ASH ABSTRACTS COORDINATING REVIEWERS Blanche P. Alter Stephen M. Ansell Ralph B. Arlinghaus Scott Armstrong Asad Bashey Philip Bierman Neil Blumberg Chiara Bonini Dominique Bonnet Jacqueline Boultwood Rena Buckstein John C. Byrd Marc Carrier Lucio H. Castilla Selina Chen-Kiang Nicholas Chiorazzi Jorge Cortes-Franco Claire E. Dearden Mary C. Dinauer Harry Paul Erba Carolyn A. Felix Pierre Fenaux Debra L. Friedman Irene M. Ghobrial Jason R. Gotlib Brandon Hayes-Lattin Cheryl A. Hillery Achille Iolascon Jean-Pierre J. Issa Sundar Jagannath Diane F. Jelinek H. Phillip Koeffler John Koreth Robert J. Kreitman Robert B. Levy David Lillicrap Richard Lottenberg John D. McMannis Mark D. Minden Charles G. Mullighan Arnon Nagler Peter J. Newman Robert Z. Orlowski Antonio Palumbo Julie A. Panepinto Warren S. Pear Sibrand Poppema Barbara Pro Ching-Hon Pui A. Koneti Rao Aaron P. Rapoport Pieter H. Reitsma Douglas D. Ross J. Eric Russell Barbara Savoldo Kirk R. Schultz Radek C. Skoda Marilyn L. Slovak Susan Smyth Hugo ten Cate Herve Tilly John M. Timmerman Ivo Touw Amy J. Wagers Russell E. Ware Catherine J. Wu Virginia M. Zaleskas ASH ABSTRACTS REVIEWERS Camille Abboud Omar Abdel-Wahab Jeremy Abramson Suneet Agarwal Sikander Ailawadhi Onder Alpdogan Andrew Aprikyan Mary Armanios Aneel Ashrani Norio Asou Aglaia Athanassiadou Eyal Attar Mohammad Azam Maria Baer Jorg Baesecke Sarah Ball Karen Ballen Frederic Baron Shannon Bates Minoo Battiwalla Marie Bene Charles Bennett James Berenson Steven Bernstein Francesco Bertoni Monica Bessler Wolfgang Bethge Kapil Bhalla Deepa Bhojwani James Bieker Bruce R. Blazar Annemarie Block David Bodine Catherine Bollard Antonio Bonati Eric Bouhassira Benjamin Braun Christopher Bredeson Patrick Brown Ross Brown Jan Burger Dario Campana Jose Cancelas Paul Carpenter Andrew Carroll James Casella Rebecca Chan Roy Chemaly Benny Chen Jerry Cheng Linzhao Cheng Bruce Cheson Mark Chiang Athar Chishti Hearn Cho Magdalena Chrzanowska-Wodnicka Richard E. Clark Joseph Connors Kenneth Cooke Miguel Cruz Adam Cuker Sandeep Dave Janice Davis Sproul Lucia De Franceschi Philip De Groot Rodney DeKoter Richard Delarue Stephen Devereux Steven Devine Paola Jorge Di Don Diamond Meletios Dimopoulos John DiPersio Angela Dispenzieri Benjamin Djulbegovic Jing-fei Dong James Downing William Drobyski Rafael Duarte Charles Dumontet Kieron Dunleavy Brian Durie Dimitar Efremov Elizabeth Eklund Jonas Emsley Patricia Ernst Andrew Evens Chris Fegan Andrew Feldman Giuliana Ferrari Willem Fibbe Adele Fielding Thoas Fioretos Robert Flaumenhaft Rafael Fonseca James Foran Joseph Frank Janet Franklin Paul Frenette Alan Friedman Terry Fry Saghi Gaffari Naomi Galili Patrick Gallagher Anne Galy David Garcia Randy Gascoyne Cristina Gasparetto Norbert Gattermann Tobias Gedde-Dahl Alan Gewirtz Francis Giles Robert Godal Lucy Godley Ivana Gojo Norbert Gorin Andre Goy Eric Grabowski Steven Grant Timothy Graubert Elizabeth Griffiths H. Leighton Grimes Claudia Haferlach Corinne Haioun Parameswaran Hari Christine Harrison Robert Hasserjian Nyla Heerema Shelly Heimfeld Roland Herzog Elizabeth Hexner Teru Hideshima William H. Hildebrand Gerhard Hildebrandt Devendra Hiwase Karin Hoffmeister Donna Hogge Scott Howard Brian Huntly Hiroto Inaba Baba Inusa Shai Izraeli Suresh Jhanwar Amy Johnson Craig Jordan Joseph Jurcic Nina Kadan-Lottick Lawrence Kaplan Jonathan Kaufman Neil Kay Michelle Kelliher Craig Kessler H. Jean Khoury Allison King Joseph Kiss Issay Kitabayashi Robert Klaassen Christoph Klein Yoshihisa Kodera Alexander Kohlmann Barbara Konkle Michael Kovacs Robert Kralovics Amrita Krishnan Nicolaus Kroger Ashish Kumar Ralf Küppers Jeffery Kutok Ann LaCasce Raymond Lai David Lane Peter Lane Richard Larson Michelle Le Beau Gregoire Le Gal Ollivier Legrand Suzanne Lentzsch John Leonard John Levine Ross Levine Linheng Li Renhao Li Zhenyu Li Wendy Lim Charles Linker Jeffrey Lipton Per Ljungman John Lollar Philip Low David Lucas Selina Luger Leo Luznik Gary Lyman Jaroslaw Maciejewski Elizabeth MacIntyre Nigel Mackman Luca Malcovati Guido Marcucci Tomer Mark Susan Maroney Giovanni Martinelli Peter Maslak Alan Mast Grant McArthur Philip McCarthy Michael McDevitt Peter McLaughlin Bruno Medeiros Jules P.P. Meijerink Junia Melo Thomas Mercher Bradley Messmer Marco Mielcarek Ken Mills Shin Mineishi Arturo Molina Silvia Montoto Marie Joelle Mozziconacci Auayp*rn Nademanee Vesna Najfeld Eneida Nemecek Ellis Neufeld Peter Newburger Heyu Ni Charlotte Marie Niemeyer Yago Nieto Anne Novak Paul O\'Donnell Vivian Oehler Fritz Offner Johannes Oldenburg Rebecca Olin Richard J. O'Reilly Thomas Ortel Keiya Ozawa Rose Ann Padua Sung-Yun Pai James Palis Derwood Pamphilon Animesh Pardanani Farzana Pashankar Andrea Pellagatti Catherine Pellat-Deceunynck Louis Pelus Chris Pepper Melanie Percy Andrew Perkins Luke Peterson Andrew Pettitt Javier Pinilla-Ibarz Kimmo Porkka David Porter Amy Powers Claude Preudhomme Frederick Racke Margaret Ragni Thomas Raife Alessandro Rambaldi Mariusz Ratajczak Pavan Reddy Mary Relling Tannishtha Reya Lisa Rimsza Stefano Rivella Isabelle Riviere Pamela Robey Gail Roboz Aldo Roccaro Maria Alma Rodriguez Frank Rosenbauer Laura Rosinol Alan Rosmarin Giuseppe Saglio Jonathan Said Valeria Santini Ravindra Sarode Yogenthiran Saunthararajah Bipin Savani Alan Schechter Charles Schiffer Robert Schlossman Laurie Sehn Rita Selby Orhan Sezer Sadhna Shankar John Shaughnessy Jordan Shavit Kevin Sheehan Shalini Shenoy Colin Sieff Paul Simmons Seema Singhal Sonali Smith Gerard Socie Pieter Sonneveld Simona Soverini David Spaner Steven Spitalnik Kostas Stamatopoulos David Steensma Richard Stone Toshio Suda Perumal Thiagarajan Courtney Thornburg Rodger Tiedemann David Traver Guido Tricot Darrell Triulzi Suzanne Trudel Christel Van Geet Karin Vanderkerken David Varon Amit Verma Srdan Verstovsek Ravi Vij Dan Vogl Loren Walensky Edmund Waller George Weiner Daniel Weisdorf Karl Welte Peter Westervelt Adrian Wiestner P.W. Wijermans John Wingard Anne Woolfrey Mingjiang Xu Qing Yi Anas Younes Ryan Zarychanski Arthur Zelent Clive Zent Dong-Er Zhang Xianzheng Zhou James Zimring

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Abstract: Nowadays, Vietnamese women are participating actively in parts of the economy that were previously deemed male domain. Women are involved in business activities at all levels in Vietnam, making significant contributions to the economic development of the country. By December 2011, there were 81,226 small and medium enterprises headed by women, accounting for 25% of the total number of enterprises in the country (GSO, 2013). In Vietnam, despite recent economic development, socio-cultural and legal barriers are still very difficult for women since the general perception in society is that a woman’s main duty is to be a good housewife and mother and they are also often perceived as weak, passive and irrational (VWEC, 2007). Even though the studies related to women entrepreneurship development are quite extensive, amongst them only a limited number of researches on the role of legal and socio - cultural barriers on women entrepreneurs in the context of Vietnam have been investigated. Thus, supported by the World Trade Institute (WTI) in Bern, Switzerland, the researchers have chosen this as the subject of this study. Based on a quantitative survey of 110 companies in Hanoi and adjacent areas, the research has taken legal and socio - cultural barriers and explored their effect on the development of women entrepreneurship in the context of Vietnam in order to indicate how women entrepreneurs perceive the impact of socio-cultural factors, economic impacts, and policy reforms on their entrepreneurial situations and initiatives, and to then provide policy implications for promoting women’s entrepreneurship and gender equality in Vietnam. Keywords Entrepreneurship, female entrepreneurs, gender equality, Vietnam References Acs, Z. & Varga, A. (2005) ‘Entrepreneurship, agglomeration and technological change’, Small Business Economics, 24, 323---334. Avin, R.M & Kinney, L.P (2014). Trends in Female Entrepreneurship in Vietnam Preliminary paper presented at the 23th Annual Conference on Feminist Economics sponsored by IAFFE, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, June 27-29, 2014.Avin, R.-M., & Kinney, L. P. (2014) ‘Trends in Women entrepreneurship in Vietnam’, 23rd Annual Conference on Feminist Economics, Ghana: 27 – 29 June.Bruton, G. D., Ahlstrom, D., & Obloj, K. (2008). Entrepreneurship in emerging economies: where are we today and where should the research go in the future. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 32(1), 1–14.Bunck, J. M. (1997) Women and Post Cold War Socialism: the cases of Cuba and Vietnam, 7th Annual Meeting, Association for the Study of Cuban Economy, University of Miami, Knight Center, Hyatt Hotel, August 7-9 1997 Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee (2010), The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results, Statistical Publishing House, available at: http://vietnam.unfpa.org/webdav/site/vietnam/shared/Census%20publications/3_Completed-Results.pdf Chari, M. D., & Dixit, J. (2015). Business groups and entrepreneurship in developing countries after reforms. Journal Of Business Research,68, 1359-1366.Djankov, S. , R. L. Porta , F. Lopez-de-Silanes and A. Schleifer (2002) The Regulation of Entry, Quarterly Journal of Economics CXVII (1): 1-37Food and Agricultural Organisation and United Nations Development Programme (2002) ‘Gender Differences in the Transitional Economy of Vietnam: Key Gender Findings – Second Vietnam Living Standards Survey, 1997 – 1998’. Vietnam: Food and Agricultural Organisation and United Nations Development Programme. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac685e/ac685e00.htm [Accessed 7 December 2015].Fuentelsaz, L., González, C., Maícas, J., & Montero, J. (2015). ‘How different formal institutions affect opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship’. Business Research Quarterly, 18(4), 246-258. Gallup, J (2004) The wage labor market and inequality in Vietnam. In Economic growth, poverty, and household welfare in Vietnam edited by Paul Glewwe, Nisha Agrawal, and David Dollar. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO) (2014), Population and employment Report 2014Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2013). Vietnam report 2013. United Kingdom. Retrieved from: www.gemconsortium.orgHampel-Milagrosa, A., Pham, H., Nguyen, Q., and Nguyen, T. (2010) ‘Gender-Related Obstacles to Vietnamese Women Entrepreneurs’. Vietnam: United Nations Industrial Development Organisation and Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Available at: http://www.un.org.vn/en/publications/publications-by-agency/doc_details/294-gender-related-obstacles-to-vietnamese-women-entrepreneurs. html [Accessed 7 December 2015].Hang, T.T.T. (2008), “Women’s leadership in Vietnam: opportunities and challenges”, Signs, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 16-21. Hirschman, C. and V. M. Loi (1996) Family and Household Structure in Vietnam: Some glimpses from a recent survey, Pacific Affairs Vol 69 (No. 2 (Summer 1996)): 229-249Hoang, B.T. (2010), “Rural employment and life: challenges to gender roles in Vietnam’s agriculture at present”, paper presented at the FAO-IFAD-ILO Workshop on Gaps, Trends and Current Research in Gender Dimensions of Agricultural and Rural Employment: Differentiated Pathways Out of Poverty Rome, 31 March-2 April 2009, available at: www.fao-ilo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/fao_ilo/pdf/Papers/16_march/Thinh_final.pdf Hoang, C., Hoang, C.L.T.S, Nguyen, T.P.C, Ngo, T.P.L, Tran, T.N, Vu, T.L (2013), The women’s access to land in contemporary Vietnam. UNDP Report 2013Hoskisson, R. E., Eden, L., Lau, C.M., &Wright, M. (2000). Strategy in emerging economies. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 249–267.ILO (2011) ‘Creation of an enabling environment for women entrepreneur in Vietnam: Mainstreaming gender issues in government policy on enterprise development’, Hanoi.International Finance Corporation (2006) A National Survey of Women Business Owners in Vietnam. Joint survey with Gender and Entrepreneurship Markets (GEM) and the Mekong Private Sector Development Facility (MPDF), Washington, DC, IFCInternational Labour Organisation (2007) ‘Women’s Entrepreneurship Development in Vietnam’. Vietnam: International Labour Organisation.International Labour Organization and the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam (2010), The Informal Economy in Vietnam, ILO/MOLISA, Hanoi.Kibria, N. (1990) Power Patriarchy and Gender Conflict in the Vietnamese Immigrant Community, Gender and Society Vol 4 (No 1 (March 1990)): 9-24 Luke, N. , S. R. Schuler , B. T. T. Mai , P. V. Thien and T. H. Minh (2007) Exploring Couple Attributes and Attitudes and Marital Violence in Vietnam, New York, Sage PublicationsMai thi Thanh Thai, Nguyen Hoang Anh (2016): The impact of culture on the creation of enterprises (2016), Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol.9, No.1, pp.1 – 22McChesney, F. (1987) Rent extraction and rent creation in the economic theory of regulation, Journal of Legal Studies 16 de Soto, H. (2000) The Mystery of Capital: Why capitalism Triumphs in the west and Fails everywhere Else, New York, Basic BooksMinniti, M. (2010) ‘Women entrepreneurship and Economic Activity’, European Journal of Development Research, 22, pp. 294 – 312.Nguyen, B. (2011) ‘The Changes of Women’s Position: The Vietnam Case’, International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 1, pp. 126 – 138.Nguyen, B. (2012) ‘Abortion in Present Day Vietnam’, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2 (1), pp. 56 – 61.Nguyen, C., Frederick, H., & Nguyen, H. (2014). Female entrepreneurship in rural Vietnam: An exploratory study. International Journal Of Gender And Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 50-67. Nijssen, E.J. (2014), Entrepreneurial Marketing: An Effectual Approach, Routledge, New York, NY.Raven, P., & Le, Q. (2015). Teaching business skills to women: Impact of business training on women’s microenterprise owners in Vietnam. International Journal Of Entrepreneurial Behaviour And Research, 21(4), 622-641. Rubio-Bañón, A., & Esteban-Lloret, N. (2015). Research article: Cultural factors and gender role in female entrepreneurship. Suma De Negocios Terrell, K., and Troilo, M. (2010) ‘Values and Women entrepreneurship’, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2 (3), pp. 260 – 286.Thanh, H.X., Anh, D.N. and Tacoli, C. (2005), “Livelihood diversification and rural-urban linkages in Vietnam’s red river delta”, Discussion Paper No. 193, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), available at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/fpr/fcnddp/193.htmlThe World Economic Forum (2015) ‘The Global Gender Gap Report 2015’. Switzerland: The World Economic Forum. Available at: http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/ [Accessed 8 December 2015].Thi, L. (1995) Doi Moi and female workers: a case study of Ha Noi, in: V. M. Moghadam (ed.), Economic reforms, women's employment and social politics, Helsinki, World Institute for Development Research Tien, P. N. (2010) Overarching view of Gender Equality in Vietnam”, 2010, Conference on Commemoration of International Women’s Day 2010, “Beijing + 15, Looking back, reaching forward, Gender Equality and Women Empowerment 15 years after the Fourth World Conference on Women, Ha Noi, 12 March 2010.United Nations Development Programme (2012) ‘Women’s Representation in Leadership in Vietnam’. Vietnam: United Nations Development Programme.United Nations Development Programme (2015) ‘Human Development Report 2014’. USA: United Nations Development Programme. Available at: http://hdr.undp. org/en/content/human-development-report-2014 [Accessed 10 December 2015].United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). (2010). Gender related obstacles to Vietnamese Women Entrepreneurs. Vienna, Austria.Vietnam Women Entrepreneurs Council (2007) Women’s entrepreneurship development in Vietnam. International Labor Organization, Vietnam.Vuong, H., and Tran, D. (2009) ‘The Cultural Dimensions of the Vietnamese Private Entrepreneurship’, The IUP Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 6 (3 & 4), pp. 54 – 78.VWEC (2007), Women’s Entrepreneurship Development in Vietnam, Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) Report, Vietnam Women Entrepreneurs Council, available at: www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_100456.pdf Williamson, O. (2000) ‘The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking ahead’, Economic Literature, 38, pp. 595 – 693.World Bank (2011a) ‘Vietnam Country Gender Assessment’. USA: World Bank. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/11/15470188/vietnam-country-gender-assessment [Accessed 7 December 2015]. World Bank (2011b). Vietnam development report 2012: Market economy for a middle- income Vietnam, Washington DC: The World Bank.World Bank (2012), Vietnam Country Gender Assessment, World Bank Country Office, HanoiWorld Bank (2015), World Bank Database, Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/country/vietnam [Accessed 9 December 2015].World Development Indicators (WDI) (2012), The World Bank, Washington, DC.Zhu, L., Kara, O., Chu, H.M.,Chu, A. (2015), ‘Women entrepreneurship: Evidence from Vietnam’, Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 103-128 lity in Vietnam.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Abstract Introduction: Osteoporosis is a major public health problem, increasing in incidence with the growth of the aging population. It affects over 200 million women worldwide and is associated with fragility fractures leading to increased morbidity, mortality and poor quality of life (1). Bisphosphonates are among the most widely used first line forms of treatment for management of osteoporosis. They have a structure like pyrophosphate and inhibit bone resorption by attaching to hydroxyapatite binding sites on the bone in areas with active resorption. While initiating treatment with bisphosphonates, endocrinologists generally discuss side effects including gastrointestinal symptoms related to gastroesophageal reflux disease and gastritis, acute phase reactions related to infusion of the bisphosphonates, musculoskeletal pain, hypocalcemia, osteonecrosis of the jaw, and atypical femur fractures. There are rare but severe side effects causing ocular inflammation related to bisphosphonate use - Bisphosphonate Related Ocular Inflammation (BROI). While these are rare based on few case reports, they are significant side effects, which if patients are not aware of or not addressed in timely manner can result in vision loss. We report a clinical scenario of a patient who experienced bisphosphonate-related ocular inflammation. Clinical History: 62-year-old female with cerebral palsy presented to the emergency room with 1 day of marked left eye redness and swelling. When the symptoms began, she felt that her eye was itchy. She had mild left eye discomfort. She did not perceive any decreased visual acuity. Patient had her first infusion of bisphosphonate, 4 days prior to the emergency room visit. On Exam: She was alert, no apparent distress, left eyelids were swollen, almost completely shut with minimal discoloration, there was underlying severe chemosis and conjunctival redness, pupils equal and round, visual acuity 20/100 OD and 20/100 OS. She was diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis, and advised to apply Tobradex drops and Diphenhydramine, and to follow-up in eye clinic. Scleritis related to bisphosphonates was also considered as a possible cause of her symptoms. The patient called the endocrinologist about the eye symptoms the following day. The endocrinologist also raised the possibility bisphosphonate related ocular inflammation and advised to be seen in ophthalmology clinic urgently. The endocrinologist also communicated with the ophthalmologist indicating that her eye symptoms could be due to inflammatory response related to bisphosphonates and to consider starting systemic steroids. The patient was seen in ophthalmology clinic the following day: The ophthalmology exam revealed severe orbital inflammation with conjunctival chemosis OS: Table 1.She was started on Prednisone 80mg a day with tapering by 10mg daily over the next 2 weeks. She was also advised to apply Durezol eye drops twice a day. She was referred to Oculoplastics for further evaluation. Table 1: Oculoplastics evaluation next day Table 2: Revealed orbital inflammation with good initial response to steroids and advised to continue prednisone taper. Table 2: On the 2 weeks follow up: Table 3: Resolved orbital inflammation and was advised to stop prednisone Table 3: Clinical Discussion: Bisphosphonates are widely prescribed and effective forms of treatment for osteoporosis in preventing fractures. Ocular side effects are rare but reported over the past 2 decades (2). First time users of bisphosphonates are at a higher risk compared with nonusers (3).There is also an association of bisphosphonate-related ocular inflammation (BROI) with coexisting inflammatory conditions that associated with ocular inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus or sarcoidosis (4,8).Symptoms related to BROI typically occur within 24 to 72 hours of the bisphosphonate exposure but can range between few hours to 3 years. Those who receive systemic bisphosphonates present earlier compared to orally administered bisphosphonates (5,6,7). In prior case reports, patients presented with flu like symptoms, lasting for lasting for 24 to 72h prior to onset of orbital disease (5). The range of ocular inflammation is variable, and can include conjunctivitis, uveitis, scleritis, episcleritis and keratitis. The symptoms can be unilateral or bilateral. Discontinuation of bisphosphonates is necessary for resolution of ocular inflammation (7).The postulated cellular mechanism causing BROI is as follows: Bisphosphonates are secreted into the lacrimal system, and induce an inflammatory response resulting in release of cytokines that results in ocular inflammation: Fig 1: (9). Fig 1: It is unclear as to why BROI is a rare side effect, though related to release of inflammatory reactants, which are also responsible for the more common flu like side effect. The risk of BROI is increased in those with associated inflammatory condition (arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease). It is possible that in individuals susceptible to inflammatory disorders, there is pre-existing infiltration of the lacrimal gland with mononuclear cells which causes a robust local inflammatory response to bisphosphonate treatment in the eye. Our patient with cerebral palsy and learning disability, was taken to the emergency room within few hours of onset symptoms and signs of ocular inflammation. Though she was diagnosed with severe orbital inflammation, she did not express eye pain, which is commonly seen in scleritis. Through multidisciplinary teamwork between the emergency physician, endocrinologist, ophthalmologist and oculoplastic specialists, she was promptly started on systemic steroids and her symptoms resolved completely with no vision loss. While considering bisphosphonates as an option for osteoporosis treatment, the endocrinologist should discuss the rare but serious complications of BROI. With use of bisphosphonates in the aging population to treat osteoporosis, specific attention should be given to underlying eye disease, inflammatory conditions, and cognition. References: 1. IOF statistics: (https://www.iofbonehealth.org/epidemiology). 2. Clark EM, Durup D. Inflammatory eye reactions with bisphosphonates and other osteoporosis medications: what are the risks?. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2015;7(1):11–16. doi:10.1177/1759720X145664243. Etminan M, Forooghian F, Maberley D. Inflammatory ocular adverse events with the use of oral bisphosphonates: a retrospective cohort study. CMAJ. 2012;184(8):E431–E434. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1117524.French DD1, Margo CE. Postmarketing surveillance rates of uveitis and scleritis with bisphosphonates among a national veteran cohort. Retina. 2008 Jun;28(6):889-93. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31816576ef. 5.Herrera I, Kam Y, Whittaker TJ, Champion M, Ajlan RS. Bisphosphonate-induced orbital inflammation in a patient on chronic immunosuppressive therapy. BMC Ophthalmol. 2019;19(1):51. Published 2019 Feb 14. doi:10.1186/s12886-019-1063-8 6. Ehsan Rahimy, Simon K. Law. Orbital inflammation after zoledronate infusion: an emerging complication.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.09.011 7. Frederick W. Fraunfelder, M.D Bisphosphonates and Ocular Inflammation. NEngJ Med 2003; 348:1187-1188. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200303203481225 8.Pazianas M1, Clark EM, Eiken PA, Brixen K, Abrahamsen B. Inflammatory eye reactions in patients treated with bisphosphonates and other osteoporosis medications: cohort analysis using a national prescription database. J Bone Miner Res. 2013 Mar;28(3):455-63. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.1783.9.Keith Thompson and Michael J. Rogers. New Insights into Old Drugs. BoneKEy-Osteovision. 2006 August;3(8):5-13

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Preface In the last twelve years of following copyright developments, I have witnessed an accelerating growth in the agitation over its application and increasing cries for reform. This was triggered by a mounting corporate hysteria for strengthening copyright which seems to mask other anxieties and other issues of bad faith beside the one at hand. This is in contrast with the more reasonable stance of the U.S. government in the 1980s when Congress refused to regulate video rentals and the Courts refused to cite the video recorder for ‘contributory infringement.’ In the 1990s, the Republican-controlled Congress passed several pieces of legislation extending copyright and punishing reverse engineering. Congressional giveaways and corporate shrillness has inspired a progressive movement to defend the intellectual ‘commons.’ The reality is that intellectual property is not owned by intellectuals, and so people are realising that further extensions of copyright no longer benefits the sciences and useful arts. Developments in copyright are driven by the challenges of new technologies of communication. This is a problem for the law, which does not like surprises and certainly proceeds by analogising new situations to old ones in order to build continuity. Case law (which is law that is developed by judges’ decisions and interpretations) proceeds by precedent. Yet old technologies are not the accurate precedents for new technology and this is particularly the situation today. The new technologies have a particular impact on the situation since they change not just one variable in the earlier balance of copyright, but all the variables. While the courts and the corporations have concentrated on the one variable of easy reproduction of content, we should also pay attention to how the new technologies have changed the very balance between the so-called ‘real world’ and cultural expression. The material world is now composed to a significant extent by cultural expression. We walk through physical landscapes dominated by billboards and other totems of the marketplace, while our mentalscapes are filled with trademarks and other commodity bits. This was not the case as copyright law developed; it is the case now, and the various underpinnings of copyright law have become embarrassingly ineffective in this new world. Edelman Bernard Edelman pushes back to find the moment of embarrassment. He finds it in photography. As Paul Hirst points out, ‘[Edelman’s title] Le Droit saisi par la photographie puns on the law being seized or caught by photography, surprised or caught out by it. Photography, a technical innovation developing independently of law, contradicts the existing formulations of property right in representations of things’ (Hirst 1-2). Prior to photography, representation inherently had stamps of personality that allowed such representation (painting, drawing, engraving et alia) to be easily and significantly distinguished from that part of the material world it was representing, as well as from other artistic representations (even of the same referent). The earliest French legal pronouncements on photography were reluctant to grant it copyright protection, precisely because it was thought to have no personality and to be a mechanical copy of nature. When the court did extend copyright protection to photography and admitted its personality, it was faced with how to distinguish it from the natural. The camera could no longer be interpreting as transparently reproducing the real. Edelman calls this the subjectivisation of the machine. The camera can no longer be both a transparent reproducer of the real; it has been found always to invest the real with the personality of its subject (the photographer). This has resulted in a number of ad hoc decisions to prevent ‘over-appropriation’ of the real. Anglo-American versus French Law Anglo-American writing about copyright has never wasted much time on subjectivisation of the machine. The basis of British copyright was pragmatic and economic to begin with, having originated with the Tudors’ desire to encourage printing by granting monopoly rights to printers, and to control and censor printing. The relocation of copyright ownership from printer to author in the 18th century was also an economically driven consideration reflecting the new spirit of competitive capitalism. Certainly the language of the U.S. Constitution that authorised the federal prerogative in setting copyright law was very pragmatic in its emphasis on promoting the progress of science and the ‘useful’ arts (Article 1 Section 8). The French tradition, which is somewhat paralleled by the German and those of other continental nations, was born out of a more courtly regard for the rights of genius. Although France recognised that works ‘made for hire’ were owned by the employer, it vested certain inalienable moral privileges in the real person of the artist. This legal doctrine is known as droit d’auteur. (see Ginsburg) Idea/Expression Yet the American tradition is not totally pragmatic. The balance between copyright and the First Amendment commitment to an absolute freedom of speech calls for a certain degree of abstraction. It was Thomas Jefferson who cautioned about the chilling effect copyright law might have with the spread of ideas. Fortunately in written language it was rather easy to work out that the way to protect ideas from property claims was to distinguish between the expression, which can be copyrighted, and the idea, which cannot. Siva Vaidhyanathan (109-15) goes over Judge Learned Hand’s development of the test to distinguish the idea from the expression in the 1920s and 1930s as particularly instructive for striking the balance. In Nichols v. Universal (1929), Hand develops the theme of ‘patterns of increasing generality’ as more incident is left out. At some point the abstraction is too great to be protected, since it now is more in the realm of idea then of particular expression. (45 F.2d 120) But Edelman’s work poses the question whether this works, as we move from machines of writing to machines of visual reproduction. Doesn’t Apply to Mechanical Mimetic Reproduction Photographs can be taken of the imaginary world and indeed the subjectivisation model holds that every photograph is determined by the imagination of the author. But it is commonsensical that photographs begin as traces of the material world. This is not analogous to the written word. The structural nature of language removes the written word from a direct relationship with its physical referent. Indeed, the entire linguistic turn in post-war philosophy is premised on the lack of any transparent or even determined relationship between language and things. Even in pre-war jurisprudence it was this lack of coincidence that allowed the easy split of the idea from its expression. As the expression floats above the idea, the word floats above the physical. Vincent Porter argues that in contrast to language, visual and audio recordings do not have this split, they do not float above the physical. He noted sound/image recordings have presented a problem in that they are speech acts without a language system, or in a distinction borrowed from Saussure ‘a series of paroles without a langue.’ (Porter 12) After all does a photograph fit into a grammar of images? Are there photographs that are ‘patterns of increasing generality?’ Where is the photograph that is the same idea as another photograph without being the same photograph? Is there a photograph that can do the same work as the word ‘mother?’ No. Every photograph will be of a particular mother of a particular age and particular ethnic group and the same difficulty applies even if we photograph a group of mothers or edit a montage of mothers. This has the effect of making the idea the same as the expression. If you protect one you have protected the other. At this point I was not certain how decisive an intervention these concepts could make in the current copyright ferment. Certainly the most exciting argument was the one mounted at the Berkman Institute at Harvard by several lawyers and argued before the Supreme Court by Lawrence Lessig in Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003). This presented the argument that the government had strayed from the original Constitutional mandate to allow exclusive rights only for a limited time. But as I read Lessig’s Free Culture and as I re-read Edelman, it strikes me that the idea/expression test does not adequately help the First Amendment rights of technologies of mimetic reproduction (film, audio recordings). It is that these technologies allow reproductions to easily re-enter the material world. When these reproductions do re-enter they will naturally become part of the domain of creative expression. Our artists must be allowed to freely comment on the world in which we live and the world in which we live is now visually and aurally full of copyrighted material. This image came to mind forcefully when Lessig explained the difficulties of documentarians when they film their subjects watching TV and then have to edit out the TV image rather than deal with the risk of being sued for infringement (Aufderheide and Jaszi 95-8). This image also comes to mind when reading of farmers who are not allowed to harvest their seed because they come from patented plants. But I will defer to patent philosophers on that apparent travesty of natural rights. I wish to stay focused on the argument that is the corollary of Edelman’s subjectivisation of the camera. The camera records the physical world and in turn that recording enters that world. This is to say that the genius of copyright is in the literary domain because written language never re-enters the material world. When copyright was extended beyond the literary, policy makers should have noticed that earlier tests were no longer capable of maintaining balance between our divine right to express our lives and the practical right to own our own expressions (for a limited time). The new test is almost already present in the law: it is the protection of parody from copyright infringement violation. The courts recognise that parody positions the original expression as an artifact of the world in order to comment on it. If only the policy makers could extend that view to documentarians and others who film the world and include in their film the physical fact of other videos being displayed in the world. Just as in parody they ought to consider the intent of the video makers is to comment on the original, not to plagiarise it. References Aufderheide, P., and P. Jaszi. Untold Stories: Creative Consequences of the Rights Clearance Culture for Documentary Filmmakers. 2004. 25 April 2005 http://www.centerforsocialmedia.org/rock/index.htm>. Edelman, B. Ownership of the Image: Elements for a Marxist Theory of Law. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979. Eldred v. Ashcroft, Attorney General. United States Supreme Court decision, 15 January 2003. http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf>. Ginsburg, J. C. “A Tale of Two Copyrights: Literary Property in Revolutionary France and America.” Tulane Law Review 64.5 (1990): 991-1032. Hirst, P. Q. “Introduction.” In Bernard Edelman, Ownership of the Image: Elements for a Marxist Theory of Law. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979. Lessig, L. Free Culture. 2004. 8 April 2005 http://free-culture.org/get-it>. Porter, V. “Copyright: The New Protectionism.” InterMedia 17.1 (1989): 10-7. Vaidhyanathan, S. Copyrights and Copywrongs: The Rise of Intellectual Property and How It Threatens Creativity. New York: NYU Press, 2001. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Wasser, Frederick. "When Did They Copyright the World Without Us Noticing?." M/C Journal 8.3 (2005). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0507/05-wasser.php>. APA Style Wasser, F. (Jul. 2005) "When Did They Copyright the World Without Us Noticing?," M/C Journal, 8(3). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0507/05-wasser.php>.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

According to The Betoota Advocate (Parker), a CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) paper has recently established that “it takes roughly seven minutes on average for a vegan to tell you that they’re vegan” (qtd. in Harrington et al. 135). For such a statement to have currency as a joke means that it is grounded in a shared experience of being vegan on the one hand, and of encountering vegans on the other. Why should vegans feel such a need to justify themselves? I recognise the observation as being true of me, and this article is one way to explore this perspective: writing to find out what I currently only intuit. As Richardson notes (516), writing is “a way of ‘knowing’—a method of discovery and analysis. By writing in different ways, we discover new aspects of our topic and our relationship to it. Form and content are inseparable” (qtd. in Wall 151).Autoethnography, the qualitative research methodology used for this article, is etymologically derived from Greek to indicate a process for exploring the self (autos) and the cultural (“ethno” from ethnos—nation, tribe, people, class) using a shared, understood, approach (“graphy” from graphia, writing). It relies upon critical engagement with and synthesising of the personal. In Wall’s words, this methodological analysis of human experience “says that what I know matters” (148). The autoethnographic investigation (Riggins; Sparkes) reported here interrogates the experience of “being judged” as a vegan: firstly, by myself; secondly, by other vegans; and ultimately by the wider society. As Ellis notes, autoethnography is “research, writing, story and method that connect the autobiographical and personal to the cultural, social and political. Autoethnographic forms feature concrete action, emotion, embodiment, self-consciousness, and introspection” (xix).Introspection is important because researchers’ stories of their observations are interwoven with self-reflexive critique and analysis: “illustrative materials are meant to give a sense of what the observed world is really like, while the researcher’s interpretations are meant to represent a more detached conceptualization of that reality” (Strauss and Corbin 22). Leaving aside Gans’s view that this form of enquiry represents the “climax of the preoccupation with self […] an autobiography written by sociologists” (542), an autoethnography generally has the added advantage of protecting against Glendon and Stanton’s concern that interpretive studies “are often of too short a duration to be able to provide sufficiently large samples of behaviour” (209). In my case, I have twelve years of experience of identifying as a vegan to draw upon.My experience is that being vegan is a contested activity with a significant range of variation that partly reflects the different initial motivations for adopting this increasingly mainstream identity. Greenebaum notes that “ethical vegans differentiate between those who ‘eat’ vegan (health vegans) and those who ‘live’ vegan (ethical vegans)”, going on to suggest that these differences create “hierarchies and boundaries between vegans” (131). As Greenebaum acknowledges, there is sometimes a need to balance competing priorities: “an environmental vegan […] may purchase leather products over polyvinyl chloride (PVC), thinking that leather is a better choice for the environment” (130). Harrington et al. similarly critique vegan motivations as encompassing “a selfless pursuit for those who cared for other beings (animals)” to “a concern about impacts that affect all humans (environment), and an interest mostly in the self (individual health …)” (144). Wright identifies a fourth group of vegans: those searching for a means of dietary inclusivity (2). I have known Orthodox Jewish households that have adopted veganism because it is compatible with keeping Kosher, while many strict Hindus are vegan and some observant Muslims may also follow suit, to avoid meat that is not Halal certified.The Challenge of the EverydayAlthough my initial vegan promptings were firmly at the selfish end of an altruism spectrum, my experience is that motivation is not static. Being a vegan for any reason increasingly primes awareness of more altruistic motivations “at the intersection of a diversity of concerns [… promoting] a spread and expansion of meaning to view food choices holistically” (Harrington et al. 144). Even so, everyday life offers a range of temptations and challenges that require constant juggling and, sometimes, a string of justifications: to oneself, and to others. I identify as a bit of a bad vegan, and not simply because I embrace the possibility that “honey is a gray area” (Greenebaum, quoting her participant Jason, 139). I’m also flexible around wine, for example, and don’t ask too many questions about whether the wine I drink is refined using milk, or egg-shells or even (yuk!) fish bladders. The point is, there are an infinite number of acid tests as to what constitutes “a real vegan”, encouraging inter-vegan judgmentality. Some slight definitional slippage aligns with Singer and Mason’s argument, however, that vegans should avoid worrying about “trivial infractions of the ethical guidelines […] Personal purity isn’t really the issue. Not supporting animal abuse – and persuading others not to support it – is. Giving people the impression that it is virtually impossible to be vegan doesn’t help animals at all” (Singer and Mason 258–9).If I were to accept a definition of non-vegan, possibly because I have a leather handbag among other infractions, that would feel inauthentic. The term “vegan” helpfully labels my approach to food and drink. Others also find it useful as a shorthand for dietary preferences (except for the small but significant minority who muddle veganism with being gluten free). From the point of view of dietary prohibitions I’m a particularly strict vegan, apart from honey. I know people who make exceptions for line-caught fish, or the eggs from garden-roaming happy chooks, but I don’t. I increasingly understand the perspectives of those who have a more radical conception of veganism than I do, however: whose vision and understanding is that “behind every meal of meat is an absence: the death of the animal whose place the meat takes. The ‘absent referent’ is that which separates the meat eater from the animal and the animal from the end product [… keeping] something from being seen as having been someone” (Adams 14). The concept of the global suffering of animals inherent in the figures: “31.1 billion each year, 85.2 million each day, 3.5 million each hour, 59,170 each minute” (Adams dedication) is appalling; as well as being an under-representation of the current situation since the globe has had almost two further decades of population growth and rising “living standards”.Whatever the motivations, it’s easy to imagine that the different branches of veganism have more in common than divides them. Being a vegan of any kind helps someone identify with other variations upon the theme. For example, even though my views on animal rights did not motivate my choice to become vegan, once I stopped seeing other sentient creatures as a handy food source I began to construct them differently. I gradually realised that, as a species, we were committing the most extraordinary atrocities on a global scale in treating animals as disposable commodities without rights or feelings. The large-scale production of what we like to term “meat and poultry” is almost unadulterated animal suffering, whereas the by-catch (“waste products”) of commercial fishing represents an extraordinary disregard of the rights to life of other creatures and, as Cole and Morgan note, “The number of aquatic animals slaughtered is not recorded, their individual deaths being subsumed by aggregate weight statistics” (135). Even if we did accept that humans have the right to consume some animals some of the time, should the netting of a given weight of edible fish really entail the death of many, many time more weight of living creatures that will be “wasted”: the so-called by-catch? Such wanton destruction has increasingly visible impacts upon complex food chains, and the ecosystems that sustain us all.The Vegan Threat to the Status QuoExamining the evidence for the broader community being biased against vegetarians and vegans, MacInnis and Hodson identify that these groups are “clear targets of relatively more negative attitudes” (727) towards them than other minority groups. Indeed, “only drug addicts were evaluated more negatively than vegetarians and vegans” (726). While “vegans were evaluated more negatively than vegetarians” (732), there was a hierarchy in negative evaluations according to the underlying motivation for someone adopting veganism or vegetarianism. People motivated by personal health received the least negative evaluations from the general population followed by those who were motivated by the environment. The greatest opprobrium was reserved for vegans who were motivated by animal rights (732). MacInnis and Hodson reason that this antipathy is because “vegetarians and vegans represent strong threats to the status quo, given that prevailing cultural norms favour meat-eating” (722). Also implied here is that fact that eating meat is itself a cultural norm associated with masculinity (Rothgerber).Adams’s work links the unthinking, normative exploitation of animals to the unthinking, normative exploitation of women, a situation so aligned that it is often expressed through the use of a common metaphor: “‘meat’ becomes a term to express women’s oppression, used equally by patriarchy and feminists, who say that women are ‘pieces of meat’” (2002, 59). Rothberger further interrogates the relationship between masculinity and meat by exploring gender in relation to strategies for “meat eating justification”, reflecting a 1992 United States study that showed, of all people reporting that they were vegetarian, 68% were women and 32% men (Smart, 1995). Rothberger’s argument is that:Following a vegetarian diet or deliberately reducing meat intake violates the spirit of Western hegemonic masculinity, with its socially prescribed norms of stoicism, practicality, seeking dominance, and being powerful, strong, tough, robust and invulnerable […] Such individuals have basically cast aside a relatively hidden male privilege—the freedom and ability to eat without criticism and scrutiny, something that studies have shown women lack. (371)Noting that “to raise concerns about the injustices of factory farming and to feel compelled by them would seem emotional, weak and sensitive—feminine characteristics” (366), Rothberger sets the scene for me to note two items of popular culture which achieved cut-through in my personal life. The evidence for this is, in terms of all the pro-vegan materials I encounter, these were two of a small number that I shared on social media. In line with Rothberger’s observations, both are oppositional to hegemonic masculinity:one represents a feminised, mother and child exchange that captures the moment when a child realises the “absent referent” of the dead animal in the octopus on his plate—https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrU03da2arE;while the other is a sentimentalised and sympathetic recording of cattle luxuriating in their first taste of pastureland after a long period of confinement—https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huT5__BqY_U.Seeing cows behaving like pets does call attention to the artificial distinction between “companion animals” and other animals. As Cole and Stewart note, “the naming of other animals is useful for human beings, while it is dangerous, and frequently lethal, for other animals. This is because the words we use to name other animals are saturated with common sense knowledge claims about those animals that legitimate their habitual use for humans” (13). Thus a cat, in Western culture, has a very different life trajectory to a cow. Adams notes the contrary case where the companion animal is used as a referent for a threatened human:Child sexual abusers often use threats and/or violence against companion animals to achieve compliance from their victims. Batterers harm or kill a companion animal as a warning to their partner that she could be next; as a way of further separating her from meaningful relationships; to demonstrate his power and her powerlessness. (Adams 57)For children who are still at a stage where animals are creatures of fascination and potential friends, who may be growing up with Charlotte’s Web (White) or Peter Rabbit (Potter), the mental gymnastics of suspending identification with these fellow creatures are harder because empathy and imagination are more active and the ingrained habit of eating without thinking has not had so long to develop. Indeed, children often understand domestic animals as “members of the family”, as illustrated by an interview with Kani, a 10-year old participant in one of my research projects. “In the absence of her extended family overseas, Kani adds her pets to [the list of] those with whom she shares her family life: ‘And my mum and my uncle and then our cat Dobby. I named it [for Harry Potter’s house elf] ...and the goldfish. The goldfish are Twinkle, Glitter, Glow and Bobby’” (Green and Stevenson). Such perceptions may well filter through to children having a different understanding of animals-as-food, even though Cole and Stewart note that “children enter into an adult culture habituated to [the] banal conceptualization of other animals according to their (dis)utilities” (21).Evidence-Based VeganismThose M/C Journal readers who know me personally will understand that one reason why I embrace the “bad vegan” label, is that I’m no more obviously a pin-up for healthy veganism than I am for ethical or environmental veganism. In particular, my BMI (Body Mass Index) is significantly outside the “healthy” range. Even so, I attribute a dramatic change in my capacity for stamina-based activity to my embrace of veganism. A high-speed recap of the evidence would include: in 2009 I embarked on a week-long 500km Great Vic bike ride; in 2012 I successfully completed a Machu Picchu trek at high altitude; by 2013 I was ready for my first half marathon (reprised in 2014, and 2017); in 2014 I cycled from Surfers’ Paradise to Noosa—somewhat less successfully than in my 2009 venture, but even so; in 2016 I completed the Oxfam 50km in 24 hours (plus a half hour, if I’m honest); and in 2017 I completed the 227km Portuguese Camino; in 2018 I jogged an average of over 3km per day, every day, up until 20 September... Apart from indicating that I live an extremely fortunate life, these activities seem to me to demonstrate that becoming vegan in 2007 has conferred a huge health benefit. In particular, I cannot identify similar metamorphoses in the lives of my 50-to-60-something year-old empty-nester friends. My most notable physical feat pre-veganism was the irregular completion of Perth’s annual 12km City-to-Surf fun run.Although I’m a vegan for health reasons, I didn’t suddenly wake up one day and decide that this was now my future: I had to be coaxed and cajoled into looking at my food preferences very differently. This process entailed my enrolling in a night school-type evening course, the Coronary Health Improvement Program: 16 x 3 hour sessions over eight weeks. Its sibling course is now available online as the Complete Health Improvement Program. The first lesson of the eight weeks convincingly demonstrated that what is good for coronary health is also good for health in general, which I found persuasive and reassuring given the propensity to cancer evident in my family tree. In the generation above me, my parents each had three siblings so I have a sample of eight immediate family to draw upon. Six of these either have cancer at the moment, or have died from cancer, with the cancers concerned including breast (1), prostate (2), lung (1), pancreas (1) and brain (1). A seventh close relative passed away before her health service could deliver a diagnosis for her extraordinarily elevated eosinophil levels (100x normal rates of that particular kind of white blood cell: potentially a blood cancer, I think). The eighth relative in that generation is my “bad vegan” uncle who has been mainly plant-based in his dietary choices since 2004. At 73, he is still working three days per week as a dentist and planning a 240 km trek in Italy as his main 2019 holiday. That’s the kind of future I’m hoping for too, when I grow up.And yet, one can read volumes of health literature without stumbling upon Professor T. Colin Campbell’s early research findings via his work on rodents and rodent cells that: “nutrition [was] far more important in controlling cancer promotion than the dose of the initiating carcinogen” and that “nutrients from animal-based foods increased tumor development while nutrients from plant-based foods decreased tumor development” (66, italics in original). Plant was already an eminent scientist at the point where she developed breast cancer, but she noted her amazement at learning “precisely how much has been discovered already [that] has not filtered through to the public” (18). The reason for the lack of visible research in this area is not so much its absence, but more likely its political sensitivity in an era of Big Food. As Harrington et al.’s respondent Samantha noted, “I think the meat lobby’s much bigger than the vegetable lobby” (147). These arguments are addressed in greater depth in Green et al.My initiating research question—Why do I feel the need to justify being vegan?—can clearly be answered in a wide variety of ways. Veganism disrupts the status quo: it questions both the appropriateness of humanity’s systematic torturing of other species for food, and the risks that those animal-based foods pose for the long-term health of human populations. It offends many vested interests from Big Food to accepted notions of animal welfare to the conventional teachings of the health industry. Identifying as a vegan represents an outcome of one or more of a wide range of motivations, some of which are more clearly self-serving (read “bad”); while others are more easily identified as altruistic (read “good”). After a decade or more of personal experimentation in this space, I’m proud to identify as a “bad vegan”. It’s been a great choice personally and, I hope, for some other creatures whose planet I share.ReferencesAdams, Carol. The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. New York: Continuum, 1990.Campbell, T. Colin, and Thomas M. Cambell. The China Study: Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss and Long-Term Health. Dallas: BenBella Books, 2005.Cole, Matthew, and Karen Morgan. “Vegaphobia: Derogatory Discourses of Veganism and the Reproduction of Speciesism in UK National Newspaper.” British Journal of Sociology 62 (2011): 134–53.———, and Kate Stewart. Our Children and Other Animals: The Cultural Construction of Human-Animal Relations in Childhood. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014.Ellis, Carolyn. The Ethnographic I: A Methodological Novel about Autoethnography. Oxford: Altamira Press, 2004.Gans, Herbert J. “Participant Observation in the Era of ‘Ethnography’.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 28.5 (1999): 540–48.Glendon, A. Ian, and Neville Stanton. “Perspectives on Safety Culture.” Safety Science 34.1-3 (2000): 193–214.Green, Lelia, Leesa Costello, and Julie Dare. “Veganism, Health Expectancy, and the Communication of Sustainability.” Australian Journal of Communication 37.3 (2010): 87–102.———, and Kylie Stevenson. “A Ten-Year-Old’s Use of Creative Content to Construct an Alternative Future for Herself.” M/C Journal 20.1 (2017). 13 Apr. 2019 <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/1211>.Greenebaum, Jessica. (2012). “Veganism, Identity and the Quest for Authenticity.” Food, Culture and Society 15.1 (2012): 129–44.Harrington, Stephen, Christie Collis, and OzgurDedehayir. “It’s Not (Just) about the F-ckin’ Animals: Why Veganism Is Changing, and Why That Matters.” Alternative Food Politics: From the Margins to the Mainstream. Eds. Michelle Phillipov and Katherine Kirkwood. New York: Routledge, 2019. 135–50.MacInnes, Cara. C., and Gordon Hodson. “It Ain’t Easy Eating Greens: Evidence of Bias Toward Vegetarians and Vegans from Both Source and Target.” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 20.6 (2015): 721–44.Parker, Errol. “Study Finds the Easiest Way to Tell If Someone Is Vegan Is to Wait until They Inevitably Tell You.” The Betoota Advocate 2017. 10 Apr. 2019 <https://www.betootaadvocate.com/humans-of-betoota/study-finds-easiest-way-tell-someone-vegan-wait-inevitably-tell/>.Plant, Jane A. Your Life in Your Hands: Understand, Prevent and Overcome Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer. 4th ed. London: Virgin Books, 2007.Potter, Beatrix. The Tale of Peter Rabbit. London: Frederick Warne and Co, 1902.Richardson, Laurel. “Writing: A Method of Inquiry.” Handbook of Qualitative Research. Eds. Norman K. Denzon and Yvonne S. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1994. 516–29.Riggins, Stephen Harold. “Fieldwork in the Living Room: An Autoethnographic Essay.” The Socialness of Things: Essays on the Socio-Semiotics of Objects. Ed. Stephen Harold Riggins. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 101–50.Rothgerber, Hank. “Real Men Don’t Eat (Vegetable) Quiche: Masculinity and the Justification of Meat Consumption.” Psychology of Men and Masculinity 14 (1994): 363–75.Singer, Peter, and Jim Mason. The Ethics of What We Eat. Melbourne: Text Publishing Company.Smart, Joanne. “The Gender Gap.” Vegetarian Times 210 (1995): 74–81.Sparkes, Andrew C. “Autoethnography: ‘Self-Indulgence or Something More?’” Ethnographically Speaking: Auto-Ethnography, Literature and Aesthetics. Eds. Arthur P. Bochner and Carolyn C. Ellis. Oxford: Altamira Press, 2002. 209–32.Strauss, Anselm, and Juliet Corbin. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. London: Sage, 1990.Wall, Sarah. “An Autoethnography on Learning about Autoethnography.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 5 (2006): 146–60.White, Elwyn B. Charlotte’s Web. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1952.Wright, Laura. The Vegan Studies Project: Food, Animals and Gender in the Age of Terror. Athens: U of Georgia Press, 2015.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

IntroductionFirmly located within the discourse of visible culture as the lofty preserve of art exhibitions and museum artefacts, the noun “curate” has gradually transformed into the verb “to curate”. Williams writes that “curate” has become a fashionable code word among the aesthetically minded to describe a creative activity. Designers no longer simply sell clothes; they “curate” merchandise. Chefs no longer only make food; they also “curate” meals. Chosen for their keen eye for a particular style or a precise shade, it is their knowledge of their craft, their reputation, and their sheer ability to choose among countless objects which make the creative process a creative activity in itself. Writing from within the framework of “curate” as a creative process, this article discusses how the state banquet for Queen Elizabeth II, hosted by Irish President Mary McAleese at Dublin Castle in May 2011, was carefully curated to represent Ireland’s diplomatic, cultural, and culinary identity. The paper will focus in particular on how the menu for the banquet was created and how the banquet’s brief, “Ireland on a Plate”, was fulfilled.History and BackgroundFood has been used by nations for centuries to display wealth, cement alliances, and impress foreign visitors. Since the feasts of the Numidian kings (circa 340 BC), culinary staging and presentation has belonged to “a long, multifaceted and multicultural history of diplomatic practices” (IEHCA 5). According to the works of Baughman, Young, and Albala, food has defined the social, cultural, and political position of a nation’s leaders throughout history.In early 2011, Ross Lewis, Chef Patron of Chapter One Restaurant in Dublin, was asked by the Irish Food Board, Bord Bía, if he would be available to create a menu for a high-profile banquet (Mahon 112). The name of the guest of honour was divulged several weeks later after vetting by the protocol and security divisions of the Department of the Taoiseach (Prime Minister) and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Lewis was informed that the menu was for the state banquet to be hosted by President Mary McAleese at Dublin Castle in honour of Queen Elizabeth II’s visit to Ireland the following May.Hosting a formal banquet for a visiting head of state is a key feature in the statecraft of international and diplomatic relations. Food is the societal common denominator that links all human beings, regardless of culture (Pliner and Rozin 19). When world leaders publicly share a meal, that meal is laden with symbolism, illuminating each diner’s position “in social networks and social systems” (Sobal, Bove, and Rauschenbach 378). The public nature of the meal signifies status and symbolic kinship and that “guest and host are on par in terms of their personal or official attributes” (Morgan 149). While the field of academic scholarship on diplomatic dining might be young, there is little doubt of the value ascribed to the semiotics of diplomatic gastronomy in modern power structures (Morgan 150; De Vooght and Scholliers 12; Chapple-Sokol 162), for, as Firth explains, symbols are malleable and perfectly suited to exploitation by all parties (427).Political DiplomacyWhen Ireland gained independence in December 1921, it marked the end of eight centuries of British rule. The outbreak of “The Troubles” in 1969 in Northern Ireland upset the gradually improving environment of British–Irish relations, and it would be some time before a state visit became a possibility. Beginning with the peace process in the 1990s, the IRA ceasefire of 1994, and the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, a state visit was firmly set in motion by the visit of Irish President Mary Robinson to Buckingham Palace in 1993, followed by the unofficial visit of the Prince of Wales to Ireland in 1995, and the visit of Irish President Mary McAleese to Buckingham Palace in 1999. An official invitation to Queen Elizabeth from President Mary McAleese in March 2011 was accepted, and the visit was scheduled for mid-May of the same year.The visit was a highly performative occasion, orchestrated and ordained in great detail, displaying all the necessary protocol associated with the state visit of one head of state to another: inspection of the military, a courtesy visit to the nation’s head of state on arrival, the laying of a wreath at the nation’s war memorial, and a state banquet.These aspects of protocol between Britain and Ireland were particularly symbolic. By inspecting the military on arrival, the existence of which is a key indicator of independence, Queen Elizabeth effectively demonstrated her recognition of Ireland’s national sovereignty. On making the customary courtesy call to the head of state, the Queen was received by President McAleese at her official residence Áras an Uachtaráin (The President’s House), which had formerly been the residence of the British monarch’s representative in Ireland (Robbins 66). The state banquet was held in Dublin Castle, once the headquarters of British rule where the Viceroy, the representative of Britain’s Court of St James, had maintained court (McDowell 1).Cultural DiplomacyThe state banquet provided an exceptional showcase of Irish culture and design and generated a level of preparation previously unseen among Dublin Castle staff, who described it as “the most stage managed state event” they had ever witnessed (Mahon 129).The castle was cleaned from top to bottom, and inventories were taken of the furniture and fittings. The Waterford Crystal chandeliers were painstakingly taken down, cleaned, and reassembled; the Killybegs carpets and rugs of Irish lamb’s wool were cleaned and repaired. A special edition Newbridge Silverware pen was commissioned for Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip to sign the newly ordered Irish leather-bound visitors’ book. A new set of state tableware was ordered for the President’s table. Irish manufacturers of household goods necessary for the guest rooms, such as towels and soaps, hand creams and body lotions, candle holders and scent diffusers, were sought. Members of Her Majesty’s staff conducted a “walk-through” several weeks in advance of the visit to ensure that the Queen’s wardrobe would not clash with the surroundings (Mahon 129–32).The promotion of Irish manufacture is a constant thread throughout history. Irish linen, writes Kane, enjoyed a reputation as far afield as the Netherlands and Italy in the 15th century, and archival documents from the Vaucluse attest to the purchase of Irish cloth in Avignon in 1432 (249–50). Support for Irish-made goods was raised in 1720 by Jonathan Swift, and by the 18th century, writes Foster, Dublin had become an important centre for luxury goods (44–51).It has been Irish government policy since the late 1940s to use Irish-manufactured goods for state entertaining, so the material culture of the banquet was distinctly Irish: Arklow Pottery plates, Newbridge Silverware cutlery, Waterford Crystal glassware, and Irish linen tablecloths. In order to decide upon the table setting for the banquet, four tables were laid in the King’s Bedroom in Dublin Castle. The Executive Chef responsible for the banquet menu, and certain key personnel, helped determine which setting would facilitate serving the food within the time schedule allowed (Mahon 128–29). The style of service would be service à la russe, so widespread in restaurants today as to seem unremarkable. Each plate is prepared in the kitchen by the chef and then served to each individual guest at table. In the mid-19th century, this style of service replaced service à la française, in which guests typically entered the dining room after the first course had been laid on the table and selected food from the choice of dishes displayed around them (Kaufman 126).The guest list was compiled by government and embassy officials on both sides and was a roll call of Irish and British life. At the President’s table, 10 guests would be served by a team of 10 staff in Dorchester livery. The remaining tables would each seat 12 guests, served by 12 liveried staff. The staff practiced for several days prior to the banquet to make sure that service would proceed smoothly within the time frame allowed. The team of waiters, each carrying a plate, would emerge from the kitchen in single file. They would then take up positions around the table, each waiter standing to the left of the guest they would serve. On receipt of a discreet signal, each plate would be laid in front of each guest at precisely the same moment, after which the waiters would then about foot and return to the kitchen in single file (Mahon 130).Post-prandial entertainment featured distinctive styles of performance and instruments associated with Irish traditional music. These included reels, hornpipes, and slipjigs, voice and harp, sean-nόs (old style) singing, and performances by established Irish artists on the fiddle, bouzouki, flute, and uilleann pipes (Office of Public Works).Culinary Diplomacy: Ireland on a PlateLewis was given the following brief: the menu had to be Irish, the main course must be beef, and the meal should represent the very best of Irish ingredients. There were no restrictions on menu design. There were no dietary requirements or specific requests from the Queen’s representatives, although Lewis was informed that shellfish is excluded de facto from Irish state banquets as a precautionary measure. The meal was to be four courses long and had to be served to 170 diners within exactly 1 hour and 10 minutes (Mahon 112). A small army of 16 chefs and 4 kitchen porters would prepare the food in the kitchen of Dublin Castle under tight security. The dishes would be served on state tableware by 40 waiters, 6 restaurant managers, a banqueting manager and a sommélier. Lewis would be at the helm of the operation as Executive Chef (Mahon 112–13).Lewis started by drawing up “a patchwork quilt” of the products he most wanted to use and built the menu around it. The choice of suppliers was based on experience but also on a supplier’s ability to deliver perfectly ripe goods in mid-May, a typically black spot in the Irish fruit and vegetable growing calendar as it sits between the end of one season and the beginning of another. Lewis consulted the Queen’s itinerary and the menus to be served so as to avoid repetitions. He had to discard his initial plan to feature lobster in the starter and rhubarb in the dessert—the former for the precautionary reasons mentioned above, and the latter because it featured on the Queen’s lunch menu on the day of the banquet (Mahon 112–13).Once the ingredients had been selected, the menu design focused on creating tastes, flavours and textures. Several draft menus were drawn up and myriad dishes were tasted and discussed in the kitchen of Lewis’s own restaurant. Various wines were paired and tasted with the different courses, the final choice being a Château Lynch-Bages 1998 red and a Château de Fieuzal 2005 white, both from French Bordeaux estates with an Irish connection (Kellaghan 3). Two months and two menu sittings later, the final menu was confirmed and signed off by state and embassy officials (Mahon 112–16).The StarterThe banquet’s starter featured organic Clare Island salmon cured in a sweet brine, laid on top of a salmon cream combining wild smoked salmon from the Burren and Cork’s Glenilen Farm crème fraîche, set over a lemon balm jelly from the Tannery Cookery School Gardens, Waterford. Garnished with horseradish cream, wild watercress, and chive flowers from Wicklow, the dish was finished with rapeseed oil from Kilkenny and a little sea salt from West Cork (Mahon 114). Main CourseA main course of Irish beef featured as the pièce de résistance of the menu. A rib of beef from Wexford’s Slaney Valley was provided by Kettyle Irish Foods in Fermanagh and served with ox cheek and tongue from Rathcoole, County Dublin. From along the eastern coastline came the ingredients for the traditional Irish dish of smoked champ: cabbage from Wicklow combined with potatoes and spring onions grown in Dublin. The new season’s broad beans and carrots were served with wild garlic leaf, which adorned the dish (Mahon 113). Cheese CourseThe cheese course was made up of Knockdrinna, a Tomme style goat’s milk cheese from Kilkenny; Milleens, a Munster style cow’s milk cheese produced in Cork; Cashel Blue, a cow’s milk blue cheese from Tipperary; and Glebe Brethan, a Comté style cheese from raw cow’s milk from Louth. Ditty’s Oatmeal Biscuits from Belfast accompanied the course.DessertLewis chose to feature Irish strawberries in the dessert. Pat Clarke guaranteed delivery of ripe strawberries on the day of the banquet. They married perfectly with cream and yoghurt from Glenilen Farm in Cork. The cream was set with Irish Carrageen moss, overlaid with strawberry jelly and sauce, and garnished with meringues made with Irish apple balsamic vinegar from Lusk in North Dublin, yoghurt mousse, and Irish soda bread tuiles made with wholemeal flour from the Mosse family mill in Kilkenny (Mahon 113).The following day, President McAleese telephoned Lewis, saying of the banquet “Ní hé go raibh sé go maith, ach go raibh sé míle uair níos fearr ná sin” (“It’s not that it was good but that it was a thousand times better”). The President observed that the menu was not only delicious but that it was “amazingly articulate in terms of the story that it told about Ireland and Irish food.” The Queen had particularly enjoyed the stuffed cabbage leaf of tongue, cheek and smoked colcannon (a traditional Irish dish of mashed potatoes with curly kale or green cabbage) and had noted the diverse selection of Irish ingredients from Irish artisans (Mahon 116). Irish CuisineWhen the topic of food is explored in Irish historiography, the focus tends to be on the consequences of the Great Famine (1845–49) which left the country “socially and emotionally scarred for well over a century” (Mac Con Iomaire and Gallagher 161). Some commentators consider the term “Irish cuisine” oxymoronic, according to Mac Con Iomaire and Maher (3). As Goldstein observes, Ireland has suffered twice—once from its food deprivation and second because these deprivations present an obstacle for the exploration of Irish foodways (xii). Writing about Italian, Irish, and Jewish migration to America, Diner states that the Irish did not have a food culture to speak of and that Irish writers “rarely included the details of food in describing daily life” (85). Mac Con Iomaire and Maher note that Diner’s methodology overlooks a centuries-long tradition of hospitality in Ireland such as that described by Simms (68) and shows an unfamiliarity with the wealth of food related sources in the Irish language, as highlighted by Mac Con Iomaire (“Exploring” 1–23).Recent scholarship on Ireland’s culinary past is unearthing a fascinating story of a much more nuanced culinary heritage than has been previously understood. This is clearly demonstrated in the research of Cullen, Cashman, Deleuze, Kellaghan, Kelly, Kennedy, Legg, Mac Con Iomaire, Mahon, O’Sullivan, Richman Kenneally, Sexton, and Stanley, Danaher, and Eogan.In 1996 Ireland was described by McKenna as having the most dynamic cuisine in any European country, a place where in the last decade “a vibrant almost unlikely style of cooking has emerged” (qtd. in Mac Con Iomaire “Jammet’s” 136). By 2014, there were nine restaurants in Dublin which had been awarded Michelin stars or Red Ms (Mac Con Iomaire “Jammet’s” 137). Ross Lewis, Chef Patron of Chapter One Restaurant, who would be chosen to create the menu for the state banquet for Queen Elizabeth II, has maintained a Michelin star since 2008 (Mac Con Iomaire, “Jammet’s” 138). Most recently the current strength of Irish gastronomy is globally apparent in Mark Moriarty’s award as San Pellegrino Young Chef 2015 (McQuillan). As Deleuze succinctly states: “Ireland has gone mad about food” (143).This article is part of a research project into Irish diplomatic dining, and the author is part of a research cluster into Ireland’s culinary heritage within the Dublin Institute of Technology. The aim of the research is to add to the growing body of scholarship on Irish gastronomic history and, ultimately, to contribute to the discourse on the existence of a national cuisine. If, as Zubaida says, “a nation’s cuisine is its court’s cuisine,” then it is time for Ireland to “research the feasts as well as the famines” (Mac Con Iomaire and Cashman 97).ConclusionThe Irish state banquet for Queen Elizabeth II in May 2011 was a highly orchestrated and formalised process. From the menu, material culture, entertainment, and level of consultation in the creative content, it is evident that the banquet was carefully curated to represent Ireland’s diplomatic, cultural, and culinary identity.The effects of the visit appear to have been felt in the years which have followed. Hennessy wrote in the Irish Times newspaper that Queen Elizabeth is privately said to regard her visit to Ireland as the most significant of the trips she has made during her 60-year reign. British Prime Minister David Cameron is noted to mention the visit before every Irish audience he encounters, and British Foreign Secretary William Hague has spoken in particular of the impact the state banquet in Dublin Castle made upon him. Hennessy points out that one of the most significant indicators of the peaceful relationship which exists between the two countries nowadays was the subsequent state visit by Irish President Michael D. Higgins to Britain in 2013. This was the first state visit to the United Kingdom by a President of Ireland and would have been unimaginable 25 years ago. The fact that the President and his wife stayed at Windsor Castle and that the attendant state banquet was held there instead of Buckingham Palace were both deemed to be marks of special favour and directly attributed to the success of Her Majesty’s 2011 visit to Ireland.As the research demonstrates, eating together unites rather than separates, gathers rather than divides, diffuses political tensions, and confirms alliances. It might be said then that the 2011 state banquet hosted by President Mary McAleese in honour of Queen Elizabeth II, curated by Ross Lewis, gives particular meaning to the axiom “to eat together is to eat in peace” (Taliano des Garets 160).AcknowledgementsSupervisors: Dr Máirtín Mac Con Iomaire (Dublin Institute of Technology) and Dr Michael Kennedy (Royal Irish Academy)Fáilte IrelandPhotos of the banquet dishes supplied and permission to reproduce them for this article kindly granted by Ross Lewis, Chef Patron, Chapter One Restaurant ‹http://www.chapteronerestaurant.com/›.Illustration ‘Ireland on a Plate’ © Jesse Campbell BrownRemerciementsThe author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their feedback and suggestions on an earlier draft of this article.ReferencesAlbala, Ken. The Banquet: Dining in the Great Courts of Late Renaissance Europe. Chicago: University of Illinois, 2007.———. “The Historical Models of Food and Power in European Courts of the Nineteenth Century: An Expository Essay and Prologue.” Royal Taste, Food Power and Status at the European Courts after 1789. Ed. Daniëlle De Vooght. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, 2011. 13–29.Baughman, John J. “The French Banqueting Campaign of 1847–48.” The Journal of Modern History 31 (1959): 1–15. Cashman, Dorothy. “That Delicate Sweetmeat, the Irish Plum: The Culinary World of Maria Edgeworth.” ‘Tickling the Palate': Gastronomy in Irish Literature and Culture. Ed. Máirtín Mac Con Iomaire, and Eamon Maher. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2014. 15–34.———. “French Boobys and Good English Cooks: The Relationship with French Culinary Influence in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Ireland.” Reimagining Ireland: Proceedings from the AFIS Conference 2012. Vol. 55 Reimagining Ireland. Ed. Benjamin Keatinge, and Mary Pierse. Bern: Peter Lang, 2014. 207–22.———. “‘This Receipt Is as Safe as the Bank’: Reading Irish Culinary Manuscripts.” M/C Journal 16.3 (2013). ‹http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal›.———. “Ireland’s Culinary Manuscripts.” Irish Traditional Cooking, Recipes from Ireland’s Heritage. By Darina Allen. London: Kyle Books, 2012. 14–15.Chapple-Sokol, Sam. “Culinary Diplomacy: Breaking Bread to Win Hearts and Minds.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 8 (2013): 161–83.Cullen, Louis M. The Emergence of Modern Ireland 1600–1900. London: Batsford, 1981.Deleuze, Marjorie. “A New Craze for Food: Why Is Ireland Turning into a Foodie Nation?” ‘Tickling the Palate': Gastronomy in Irish Literature and Culture. Ed. Máirtín Mac Con Iomaire, and Eamon Maher. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2014. 143–58.“Details of the State Dinner.” Office of Public Works. 8 Apr. 2013. ‹http://www.dublincastle.ie/HistoryEducation/TheVisitofHerMajestyQueenElizabethII/DetailsoftheStateDinner/›.De Vooght, Danïelle, and Peter Scholliers. Introduction. Royal Taste, Food Power and Status at the European Courts after 1789. Ed. Daniëlle De Vooght. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, 2011. 1–12.Diner, Hasia. Hungering for America: Italian, Irish & Jewish Foodways in the Age of Migration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2001.Firth, Raymond. Symbols: Public and Private. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1973.Foster, Sarah. “Buying Irish: Consumer Nationalism in 18th Century Dublin.” History Today 47.6 (1997): 44–51.Goldstein, Darra. Foreword. ‘Tickling the Palate': Gastronomy in Irish Literature and Culture. Eds. Máirtín Mac Con Iomaire and Eamon Maher. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2014. xi–xvii.Hennessy, Mark. “President to Visit Queen in First State Visit to the UK.” The Irish Times 28 Nov. 2013. 25 May 2015 ‹http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/president-to-visit-queen-in-first-state-visit-to-the-uk-1.1598127›.“International Historical Conference: Table and Diplomacy—from the Middle Ages to the Present Day—Call for Papers.” Institut Européen d’Histoire et des Cultures de l’Alimentation (IEHCA) 15 Feb. 2015. ‹http://www.iehca.eu/IEHCA_v4/pdf/16-11-3-5-colloque-table-diplomatique-appel-a-com-fr-en.pdf›.Kane, Eileen M.C. “Irish Cloth in Avignon in the Fifteenth Century.” The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 102.2 (1972): 249–51.Kaufman, Cathy K. “Structuring the Meal: The Revolution of Service à la Russe.” The Meal: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2001. Ed. Harlan Walker. Devon: Prospect Books, 2002. 123–33.Kellaghan, Tara. “Claret: The Preferred Libation of Georgian Ireland’s Elite.” Dublin Gastronomy Symposium. Dublin, 6 Jun. 2012. ‹http://arrow.dit.ie/dgs/2012/june612/3/›.Kelly, Fergus. “Early Irish Farming.” Early Irish Law Series. Ed. Fergus Kelly. Volume IV. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1997.Kennedy, Michael. “‘Where’s the Taj Mahal?’: Indian Restaurants in Dublin since 1908.” History Ireland 18.4 (2010): 50–52. ‹http://www.jstor.org/stable/27823031›.Legg, Marie-Louise. “'Irish Wine': The Import of Claret from Bordeaux to Provincial Ireland in the Eighteenth Century.” Irish Provincial Cultures in the Long Eighteenth Century: Making the Middle Sort (Essays for Toby Barnard). Eds. Raymond Gillespie and R[obert] F[itzroy] Foster. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2012.Mac Con Iomaire, Máirtín. “Haute Cuisine Restaurants in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Ireland.” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C. DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2015.115.06. 2015.———. “‘From Jammet’s to Guilbaud’s’: The Influence of French Haute Cuisine on the Development of Dublin Restaurants.” ‘Tickling the Palate’: Gastronomy in Irish Literature and Culture. Eds. Máirtín Mac Con Iomaire and Eamon Maher. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2014. 121–41. ‹http://arrow.dit.ie/tschafbk/15/›.———. “Exploring the 'Food Motif' in Songs from the Irish Tradition.” Dublin Gastronomy Symposium. Dublin, 3 Jun. 2014. ‹http://arrow.dit.ie/dgs/2014/june314/7/›.———. “Gastro-Topography: Exploring Food Related Placenames in Ireland.” Canadian Journal of Irish Studies. 38.1-2 (2014): 126–57.———. “The Pig in Irish Cuisine and Culture.” M/C Journal 13.5 (2010). ‹http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/viewArticle/296›.———. “The Emergence, Development and Influence of French Haute Cuisine on Public Dining Restaurants 1900–2000: An Oral History.” Doctoral Thesis. Dublin Institute of Technology, 2009. ‹http://arrow.dit.ie/tourdoc/12/›.———. “A History of Seafood in Irish Cuisine and Culture.” Wild Food: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2004. Ed. Richard Hosking. Totnes, Devon: Prospect Books, 2006. ‹http://arrow.dit.ie/tfschcafcon/3/›.———. “The Pig in Irish Cuisine Past and Present.” The Fat of the Land: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2002. Ed. Harlan Walker. Bristol: Footwork, 2003. 207–15. ‹http://arrow.dit.ie/tfschcafcon/1/›.———, and Dorothy Cashman. “Irish Culinary Manuscripts and Printed Books: A Discussion.” Petit* Propos Culinaires 94 (2011): 81–101. 16 Mar. 2012 ‹http://arrow.dit.ie/tfschafart/111/›.———, and Tara Kellaghan. “Royal Pomp: Viceregal Celebrations and Hospitality in Georgian Dublin.” Celebration: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2011. Ed. Mark McWilliams. Totnes, Devon: Prospect Books. 2012. ‹http://arrow.dit.ie/tfschafart/109/›.———, and Eamon Maher. Introduction. ‘Tickling the Palate': Gastronomy in Irish Literature and Culture. Eds. Máirtín Mac Con Iomaire and Eamon Maher. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2014. 1–11. ‹http://arrow.dit.ie/tschafbk/11/›.———, and Pádraic Óg Gallagher. “The Potato in Irish Cuisine and Culture.” Journal of Culinary Science and Technology 7.2-3 (2009): 152–67. 24 Sep. 2012 ‹http://arrow.dit.ie/tfschafart/3/›.McConnell, Tara. “'Brew as Much as Possible during the Proper Season': Beer Consumption in Elite Households in Eighteenth-Century Ireland.” ‘Tickling the Palate': Gastronomy in Irish Literature and Culture. Eds. Máirtín Mac Con Iomaire and Eamon Maher. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2014. 177–89.McDowell, R[obert] B[rendan]. Historical Essays 1938–2001. Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 2003.McQuillan, Deirdre. “Young Irish Chef Wins International Award in Milan.” The Irish Times. 28 June 2015. 30 June 2015 ‹http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/young-irish-chef-wins-international-award-in-milan-1.2265725›.Mahon, Bríd. Land of Milk and Honey: The Story of Traditional Irish Food and Drink. Cork: Mercier Press, 1991.Mahon, Elaine. “Eating for Ireland: A Preliminary Investigation into Irish Diplomatic Dining since the Inception of the State.” Diss. Dublin Institute of Technology, 2013.Morgan, Linda. “Diplomatic Gastronomy: Style and Power at the Table.” Food and Foodways: Explorations in the History and Culture of Human Nourishment 20.2 (2012): 146–66.O'Sullivan, Catherine Marie. Hospitality in Medieval Ireland 900–1500. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2004.Pliner, Patricia, and Paul Rozin. “The Psychology of the Meal.” Dimensions of the Meal: The Science, Culture, Business, and Art of Eating. Ed. Herbert L. Meiselman. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, 2000. 19–46.Richman Kenneally, Rhona. “Cooking at the Hearth: The ‘Irish Cottage’ and Women’s Lived Experience.” Memory Ireland. Ed. Oona Frawley. Vol. 2. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 2012. 224–41.Robins, Joseph. Champagne and Silver Buckles: The Viceregal Court at Dublin Castle 1700–1922. Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 2001.Sexton, Regina. A Little History of Irish Food. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1998.Sobal, Jeffrey, Caron Bove, and Barbara Rauschenbach. "Commensal Careers at Entry into Marriage: Establishing Commensal Units and Managing Commensal Circles." The Sociological Review 50.3 (2002): 378-397.Simms, Katharine. “Guesting and Feasting in Gaelic Ireland.” Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 108 (1978): 67–100.Stanley, Michael, Ed Danaher, and James Eogan, eds. Dining and Dwelling. Dublin: National Roads Authority, 2009.Swift, Jonathan. “A Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufacture.” The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift D.D. Ed. Temple Scott. Vol. 7: Historical and Political Tracts. London: George Bell & Sons, 1905. 17–30. 29 July 2015 ‹http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/E700001-024/›.Taliano des Garets, Françoise. “Cuisine et Politique.” Sciences Po University Press. Vingtième Siècle: Revue d’histoire 59 (1998): 160–61. Williams, Alex. “On the Tip of Creative Tongues.” The New York Times. 4 Oct. 2009. 16 June 2015 ‹http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/fashion/04curate.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0›.Young, Carolin. Apples of Gold in Settings of Silver. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.Zubaida, Sami. “Imagining National Cuisines.” TCD/UCD Public Lecture Series. Trinity College, Dublin. 5 Mar. 2014.